Question 1

Which of the following best describes a pure-breeding (true-breeding) pea plant?

Accepted Answer

A plant that, when self-fertilized, gives rise to progeny with the same phenotype as the parent.

Question 2

Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that:

Accepted Answer

Two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation, and each gamete receives one allele.

Question 3

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants (Gg x Gg), what is the probability that a yellow-seeded progeny is heterozygous?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{2}{3}$

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven dichotomous traits Mendel studied in pea plants?

Accepted Answer

Leaf size

Question 5

A test cross is performed between a pea plant with an unknown genotype for seed shape and a plant that is homozygous recessive for wrinkled seeds. If the unknown plant is heterozygous, what ratio of offspring phenotypes is expected?

Accepted Answer

1 round : 1 wrinkled

Question 6

In a dihybrid cross (RrGg x RrGg), what is the probability of obtaining an offspring with the genotype rrgg?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{1}{16}$

Question 7

Which rule would you use to calculate the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring?

Accepted Answer

Product rule

Question 8

If a couple who are both heterozygous for a recessive genetic disorder have three children, what is the probability that all three children will be unaffected?

Accepted Answer

$\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^3$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the Law of Independent Assortment?

Accepted Answer

The segregation of alleles at one locus is independent of the segregation of alleles at another locus during gamete formation.

Question 10

A pea pod contains 6 seeds. If the probability of a seed being yellow is $\frac{3}{4}$ and green is $\frac{1}{4}$, what is the probability that exactly 4 seeds are yellow and 2 are green?

Accepted Answer

$\binom{6}{4} \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^4 \left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^2$

Question 11

Which of the following is a critical step in Mendel’s experimental design that allowed him to deduce the basic principles of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Preventing self-fertilization and performing controlled crosses

Question 12

What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross for a dominant and recessive trait?

Accepted Answer

3:1

Question 13

In a pedigree, which pattern suggests autosomal recessive inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Trait often skips generations and appears in siblings with unaffected parents

Question 14

Which formula is used to calculate the chi-square ($\chi^2$) statistic for hypothesis testing in genetics?

Accepted Answer

$\chi^2 = \sum \frac{(O_i - E_i)^2}{E_i}$

Question 15

If the probability of a chi-square value as large or larger than the observed value is less than 5%, what is the appropriate conclusion?

Accepted Answer

Reject the null hypothesis

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a reciprocal cross?

Accepted Answer

Crossing a tall male plant with a short female plant, then crossing a short male plant with a tall female plant

Question 17

What is the genotype ratio expected from a dihybrid cross (RrGg x RrGg)?

Accepted Answer

1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the product rule in probability as applied to genetics?

Accepted Answer

The probability of two independent events both occurring is the product of their individual probabilities.

Transmission Genetics: Mendelian Principles and Probability in Heredity

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