For each of the following, note whether the component can be found in a virus, a cell, or both.

c. ribosome

Name two components common to all viruses.

How does a vaccine protect against a viral disease?

Describe the function of a vector.

Describe the structure of a plasmid.

Describe how restriction enzymes are used in recombinant DNA technology.

CRISPR was first discovered as a defense mechanism in what organism?

Name the gene that tags other genes through fluorescent coloring.

Identify each of the following bases as a pyrimidine or a purine:

b. adenine

Identify each of the following bases as a pyrimidine or a purine:

e. guanine

Identify the base and sugar in each of the following nucleotides:

c. dGMP

Identify the base and sugar in each of the following nucleotides:

a. dTMP

Identify the base and sugar in each of the following nucleotides:

d. GMP

How do the bases thymine and uracil differ?

Fill in the following table comparing structural similarities between proteins and nucleic acids:

Write the complementary base sequence for each of the following DNA segments. Indicate the 5' and the 3' ends.

b. 5'ATAGCCCTTACTGG3'

Match the following statements with mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA:

a. combines with proteins to form ribosomes

Match the following statements with mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA:

b. contains anticodons

List the possible codons for each of the following amino acids:

a. threonine

List the possible codons for each of the following amino acids:

a. valine

List the possible codons for each of the following amino acids:

c. histidine

Provide the amino acid corresponding to each of the following codons:

b. CCA

Provide the amino acid corresponding to each of the following codons:

a. UUG

Provide the amino acid corresponding to each of the following codons:

c. AUC

Provide the three-letter amino acid sequence expected from each of the following mRNA segments:

b. 5'CUA|AGC|UUC|AAC|UGG3'

What is the one-letter amino acid sequence formed from the following mRNA that codes for a pentapeptide that is an endorphin called Met-enkephalin?

5'AUG|UAC|GGU|GGA|UUU|AUG|UAA3'

What is the anticodon on tRNA for each of the following codons in an mRNA?

c. GAA

A base substitution changes a codon for an enzyme from GCC to GCA. Why is there no change in the amino acid order in the protein?

In sickle-cell anemia, a base substitution in the hemoglobin gene replaces glutamate (a polar amino acid) with valine. Why does the replacement of one amino acid cause such a drastic change in biological function?

A base substitution for an enzyme replaces leucine (a nonpolar amino acid) with alanine. Why does this change in amino acids have little effect on the biological activity of the enzyme?