What is the specific rotation of an equilibrium mixture of fructose? (Hint: Recall that the specific rotation of an equilibrium mixture of glucose is +52.7.)

a. Identify the sugars in amygdalin.

b. Identify the glycosidic linkage that connects the sugars.

What is the main structural difference between a. amylose and cellulose?

What is the main structural difference between b. amylose and amylopectin?

What is the main structural difference between c. amylopectin and glycogen?

What is the main structural difference between d. cellulose and chitin?

Explain why the C-3 OH group of vitamin C is more acidic than the C-2 OH group.

Refer to Figure 20.5 to answer the following questions: a. People with type O blood can donate blood to anyone, but they cannot receive blood from everyone. From whom can they not receive blood?

Refer to Figure 20.5 to answer the following questions: b. People with type AB blood can receive blood from anyone, but they cannot give blood to everyone. To whom can they not give blood?

What product or products are obtained when D-galactose reacts with each of the following?

b. Ag⁺, NH₃, HO^-

What product or products are obtained when D-galactose reacts with each of the following?

c. NaBH₄, followed by H₃O⁺

What product or products are obtained when d-galactose reacts with each of the following?

d. excess CH₃I + Ag₂O

What product or products are obtained when D-galactose reacts with each of the following?

e. Br₂ in water

What product or products are obtained when D-galactose reacts with each of the following?

f. ethanol + HCl

What product or products are obtained when d-galactose reacts with each of the following?

g.

1. hydroxylamine/trace acid

2. acetic anhydride/∆

3. HO^-/H₂O

Name the epimers of D-glucose.

Identify the sugar in each description.

a. An aldopentose that is not D-arabinose forms D-arabinitol when it is reduced with NaBH₄.

Identify the sugar in each description.

b. A sugar that is not D-altrose forms D-altraric acid when it is oxidized with nitric acid.

Identify the sugar in each description.

c. A ketose that, when reduced with NaBH₄, forms D-altritol and D-allitol.

D-Xylose and D-lyxose are formed when d-threose undergoes a Kiliani–Fischer synthesis. D-Xylose is oxidized to an optically inactive aldaric acid, whereas D-lyxose forms an optically active aldaric acid. What are the structures of D-xylose and D-lyxose?

Answer the following questions about the eight aldopentoses:

a. Which are enantiomers?

b. Which are C-2 epimers?

What is the configuration of each of the asymmetric centers in the Fischer projection of

a. D-glucose?

What is the configuration of each of the asymmetric centers in the Fischer projection of

b. D-galactose?

What is the configuration of each of the asymmetric centers in the Fischer projection of

c. D-ribose?

What is the configuration of each of the asymmetric centers in the Fischer projection of

d. D-xylose?

What is the configuration of each of the asymmetric centers in the Fischer projection of

e. D-sorbose?

Name the following:

a.

Name the following:

b.

A student isolated a monosaccharide and determined that it had a molecular weight of 150. Much to his surprise, he found that it was not optically active. What is the structure of the monosaccharide?