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문제 43
Why is ATP sometimes called a high-energy molecule?
문제 44
What general kind of chemical reaction does ATP participate in?
문제 45
What does it mean when we say that two reactions are coupled?
문제 47
Write the reaction for the hydrolysis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP using the curved-arrow symbolism.
문제 49a
FAD is a coenzyme for dehydrogenation.
a. When a molecule is dehydrogenated, is FAD oxidized or reduced?
문제 49b
FAD is a coenzyme for dehydrogenation.
b. Is FAD an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent?
문제 49d
FAD is a coenzyme for dehydrogenation.
d. What is the form of FAD after dehydrogenation?
문제 51
What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle?
문제 52
Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place?
문제 54
What is the final fate of the carbons in acetyl-CoA after several turns of the citric acid cycle?
문제 55a
Look at the eight steps of the citric acid cycle (Figure 21.8) and answer the following questions:
a. Which steps involve oxidation reactions?
문제 55b
Look at the eight steps of the citric acid cycle (Figure 21.8) and answer the following questions:
b. Which steps involve decarboxylation (loss of CO2)?
문제 55c
Look at the eight steps of the citric acid cycle (Figure 21.8) and answer the following questions:
c. Which step or steps involve a hydration reaction?
문제 56
How many NADH and how many FADH2 molecules are formed in the citric acid cycle?
문제 57
Which reactions of the citric acid cycle transfer energy as FADH2?
문제 58
Which reactions of the citric acid cycle transfer energy as NADH?
문제 59
What are the two primary functions of the electron-transport chain?
문제 61
What two coenzymes are involved with initial events of the electron-transport chain?
문제 62
What are the ultimate products of the electron-transport chain?
문제 64b
What do the following abbreviations stand for?
b. CoQ
문제 64c
What do the following abbreviations stand for?
c. NADH/H+
문제 65
What atom in the cytochromes undergoes oxidation and reduction in the electron-transport chain? What atoms in coenzyme Q undergo oxidation and reduction in the electron-transport chain?
문제 68
What would happen to the citric acid cycle if NADH and FADH2 were not reoxidized?
문제 69
What does the term “oxidative phosphorylation” mean? What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Are these processes the same? Explain.
문제 70
In oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is phosphorylated?
문제 71a
Oxidative phosphorylation has three reaction products.
a. What is the energy-carrying product?
문제 72
What supplies the energy to drive oxidative phosphorylation?
문제 76
Why must the breakdown of molecules for energy in the body occur in several steps, rather than in one step?
문제 79
With what class of enzymes are the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD associated?
문제 80
We talk of burning food in a combustion process, producing CO2 and H2O from food and O2. Explain how O2 is involved in the process although no O2 is directly involved in the citric acid cycle.