Question 1

Which experiment is depicted in the first image, and what fundamental property of the electron did it help determine?

Accepted Answer

The Millikan oil drop experiment; it determined the charge of the electron.

Question 2

In the gold foil experiment (second image), most alpha particles passed straight through the foil. What does this observation suggest about the structure of the atom?

Accepted Answer

Atoms are mostly empty space with a small, dense nucleus.

Question 3

Refer to the third image. Why do some alpha particles deflect at large angles when passing through the gold foil?

Accepted Answer

They are repelled by the dense, positively charged nucleus.

Question 4

The fourth image compares Rutherford's expected and actual results. What atomic model did Rutherford's results disprove?

Accepted Answer

The plum pudding model

Question 5

In the fifth image, what does the transition from $$n=3 to$$ $$n=2$$ represent in the hydrogen atom?

Accepted Answer

Emission of energy as a photon in the visible spectrum

Question 6

Based on the sixth image, what happens when an electron in an atom absorbs energy?

Accepted Answer

It moves from the ground state to an excited state.

Question 7

The seventh image shows a probability distribution for an electron in a hydrogen atom. What does the dense region near the center represent?

Accepted Answer

The region of highest probability of finding the electron

Question 8

Refer to the eighth image. According to the Aufbau principle, which orbital is filled immediately after $$3p$$?

Accepted Answer

$$4s$$

Question 9

In the ninth image, what does the superscript '1' in $$1s^1$$ for hydrogen indicate?

Accepted Answer

The number of electrons in the $$1s$$ subshell

Question 10

Based on the tenth image, how many orbitals are there in the $$d$$ subshell?

Accepted Answer

5

Question 11

The eleventh image shows the trend of first ionization energy across the periodic table. Which element has the highest first ionization energy?

Accepted Answer

Helium (He)

Question 12

In the twelfth image, what general trend is observed for atomic radius across a period from left to right?

Accepted Answer

Atomic radius decreases

Question 13

Refer to the thirteenth image. What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the $$3d$$ subshell?

Accepted Answer

10

Question 14

The fourteenth image shows the structure of sodium chloride. What type of bonding is present in this compound?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonding

Question 15

In the fifteenth image, the reaction $$\mathrm{CH_4$(g) + Cl_2$(g) \rightarrow CH_3Cl(g) + HCl(g)} is $$shown. What type of reaction mechanism is this?

Accepted Answer

Free radical substitution

Question 16

The sixteenth image shows a potential energy diagram for bond formation. What does the minimum point on the curve represent?

Accepted Answer

The most stable bond length (equilibrium bond length)

Question 17

Based on the seventeenth image, what is the electron pair geometry and bond angle of ammonia ($$\mathrm{NH_3$}$$)?

Accepted Answer

Tetrahedral, 109.5°

Question 18

The eighteenth image shows different molecular geometries. Which geometry corresponds to a molecule with five electron pairs around the central atom?

Accepted Answer

Trigonal bipyramidal

Question 19

In the nineteenth image, what type of bond is formed when the difference in electronegativity ($$\Delta EN) $$between two atoms is greater than 2.0?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bond

Question 20

The twentieth image shows the dipole moments of various molecules. Which molecule has a net dipole moment of zero?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{$$CCl_4$$}$$

Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding: Foundations for Organic Chemistry

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