Even You Can Learn Statistics and Analytics: An Easy to Understand Guide, 4th edition

Published by Addison-Wesley Professional (May 27, 2022) © 2022

  • David M. Levine Baruch College, City University of New York
  • David F. Stephan Two Bridges Instructional Technology
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THE GUIDE FOR ANYONE AFRAID TO LEARN STATISTICS & ANALYTICS UPDATED WITH NEW EXAMPLES & EXERCISES

This book discusses statistics and analytics using plain language and avoiding mathematical jargon. If you thought you couldn't learn these data analysis subjects because they were too technical or too mathematical, this book is for you!


This edition delivers more everyday examples and end-of-chapter exercises and contains updated instructions for using Microsoft Excel. You'll use downloadable data sets and spreadsheet solutions, template-based solutions you can put right to work. Using this book, you will understand the important concepts of statistics and analytics, including learning the basic vocabulary of these subjects.

  • Create tabular and visual summaries and learn to avoid common charting errors
  • Gain experience working with common descriptive statistics measures including the mean, median, and mode; and standard deviation and variance, among others
  • Understand the probability concepts that underlie inferential statistics
  • Learn how to apply hypothesis tests, using Z, t, chi-square, ANOVA, and other techniques
  • Develop skills using regression analysis, the most commonly-used Inferential statistical method
  • Explore results produced by predictive analytics software
  • Choose the right statistical or analytic techniques for any data analysis task
  • Optionally, read the “Equation Blackboards,” designed for readers who want to learn about the mathematical foundations of selected methods


Introduction The Even You Can Learn Statistics and Analytics Owner's Manual. xiii

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Statistics. 1

    1.1 The First Three Words of Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

    1.2 The Fourth and Fifth Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

    1.3 The Branches of Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

    1.4 Sources of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

    1.5 Sampling Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

    1.6 Sample Selection Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Chapter 2 Presenting Data in Tables and Charts . 15

    2.1 Presenting Categorical Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

    2.2 Presenting Numerical Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

    2.3 “Bad” Charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics. 45

    3.1 Measures of Central Tendency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

    3.2 Measures of Position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

    3.3 Measures of Variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

    3.4 Shape of Distributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Chapter 4 Probability. 75

    4.1 Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

    4.2 More Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

    4.3 Some Rules of Probability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

    4.4 Assigning Probabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Chapter 5 Probability Distributions. 87

    5.1 Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

    5.2 The Binomial and Poisson Probability Distributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

    5.3 Continuous Probability Distributions and the Normal Distribution . . . . . . . 100

    5.4 The Normal Probability Plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Chapter 6 Sampling Distributions and Confidence Intervals. 121

    6.1 Foundational Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

    6.2 Sampling Error and Confidence Intervals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

    6.3 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean Using the t Distribution (? Unknown). . . 128

    6.4 Confidence Interval Estimation for Categorical Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

    6.5 Confidence Interval Estimation When Normality Cannot Be Assumed. . . . . 134

Chapter 7 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing. 145

    7.1 The Null and Alternative Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

    7.2 Hypothesis Testing Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

    7.3 Decision-Making Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

    7.4 Performing Hypothesis Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

    7.5 Types of Hypothesis Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing: Z and t Tests. 157

    8.1 Test for the Difference Between Two Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

    8.2 Test for the Difference Between the Means of Two Independent Groups . . . . 163

    8.3 The Paired t Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing: Chi-Square Tests and the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). 183

    9.1 Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

    9.2 One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Testing for the

    Differences Among the Means of More Than Two Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Chapter 10 Simple Linear Regression. 211

    10.1 Basics of Regression Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

    10.2 Developing a Simple Linear Regression Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

    10.3 Measures of Variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

    10.4 Inferences About the Slope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

    10.5 Common Mistakes When Using Regression Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Chapter 11 Multiple Regression. 243

    11.1 The Multiple Regression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

    11.2 Coefficient of Multiple Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

    11.3 The Overall F Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

    11.4 Residual Analysis for the Multiple Regression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

    11.5 Inferences Concerning the Population Regression Coefficients. . . . . . . . . . 248

Chapter 12 Introduction to Analytics. 259

    12.1 Basic Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

    12.2 Descriptive Analytics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

    12.3 Typical Descriptive Analytics Visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Chapter 13 Predictive Analytics. 279

    13.1 Predictive Analytics Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

    13.2 More About Predictive Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

    13.3 Tree Induction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

    13.4 Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

    13.5 Association Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Appendix A Microsoft Excel Operation and Configuration . 299

Appendix B Review of Arithmetic and Algebra. 301

Appendix C Statistical Tables. 311

Appendix D Spreadsheet Tips . 339

Appendix E Advanced Techniques. 343

Appendix F Documentation for Downloadable Files. 353



9780137654765, TOC, 4/25/2022


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