CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Exam Cram, 7th edition

Introduction
CHAPTER 1: Network Technologies, Topologies, and Types
Wired and Wireless Network Topologies
    Bus Topology
    Ring Topology
    Star Topology (Hub-and-Spoke)
    Mesh Topology
    Hybrid Topology
    Bringing Wireless to a Topology
        Infrastructure Wireless Topology
        Ad Hoc Wireless Topology
        Wireless Mesh Topology
Network Types and Characteristics
    To Server or Not
    LANs
    WLANs
    WANs
    MANs
    CANs
    SANs
    PANs
    SDWANs
    MPLS
    mGRE
Network Links and Concepts
    DSL Internet Access
    Cable Broadband
    The Public Switched Telephone Network
    Leased Lines
        T3 Lines
    Metro-Optical
    Satellite Internet Access
    Termination Points
        Demarc, Demarc Extension, and Smart Jacks
        CSUs/DSUs
        Verify Wiring Installation and Termination
    Virtual Networking
What's Next?
CHAPTER 2: Models, Ports, Protocols, and Network Services
The OSI Networking Model
    The OSI Seven-Layer Model
        Physical Layer (Layer 1)
        Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
        Network Layer (Layer 3)
        Transport Layer (Layer 4)
        Session Layer (Layer 5)
        Presentation Layer (Layer 6)
        Application Layer (Layer 7)
        OSI Model Summary
    Comparing OSI to the Four-Layer TCP/IP Model
    Identifying the OSI Layers at Which Various Network Components Operate
    Data Encapsulation/Decapsulation and OSI
Ports and Protocols
    Connection-Oriented Protocols Versus Connectionless Protocols
    Internet Protocol
    Transmission Control Protocol
        How TCP Works
    User Datagram Protocol
    Internet Control Message Protocol
    IPSec
    Generic Routing Encapsulation
    File Transfer Protocol
    Secure Shell
    Secure File Transfer Protocol
    Telnet
    Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
    Domain Name System (DNS)
    Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
    Trivial File Transfer Protocol
    Hypertext Transfer Protocol
    Network Time Protocol (NTP)
    Post Office Protocol Version 3/Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4
    Simple Network Management Protocol
        Components of SNMP
        SNMP Management Systems
        SNMP Agents
        Management Information Bases
        SNMP Communities
        SNMPv3
    Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
    Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
    Server Message Block
    Syslog
    SMTP TLS
    LDAPS
    IMAP over SSL
    POP3 over SSL
    SQL, SQLnet, and MySQL
    Remote Desktop Protocol
    Session Initiation Protocol
    Understanding Port Functions
Network Services
    Domain Name Service (DNS)
    The DNS Namespace
    Types of DNS Entries
    DNS Records
    DNS in a Practical Implementation
    Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
    The DHCP Process
    DHCP and DNS Suffixes
    DHCP Relays and IP Helpers
    Network Time Protocol
What's Next?
CHAPTER 3: Addressing, Routing, and Switching
IP Addressing
    IPv4
    IP Address Classes
    Subnet Mask Assignment
    Subnetting
    Identifying the Differences Between IPv4 Public and Private Networks
        Private Address Ranges
    Classless Interdomain Routing
    Default Gateways
    Virtual IP
    IPv4 Address Types
        Unicast Address
        Broadcast Address
        Multicast
    IPv6 Addressing
        Where Have All the IPv4 Addresses Gone?
        Identifying IPv6 Addresses
        IPv6 Address Types
        Global Unicast Addresses
        Link-Local Addresses
        Site-Local Addresses
        Neighbor Discovery
    Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing
    Assigning IP Addresses
        Static Addressing
        Dynamic Addressing
        BOOT Protocol (BOOTP)
        Automatic Private IP Addressing
    Identifying MAC Addresses
    NAT and PAT
        NAT
        PAT
        SNAT
        DNAT
Managing Routing and Switching
    The Default Gateway
    Routing Tables
    Static Routing
    Default Route
    Switching Methods
        Packet Switching
        Circuit Switching
        Comparing Switching Methods
    Dynamic Routing
        Distance-Vector Routing
        Link-State Routing
        Hybrid Routing Protocols
    Network Traffic
    Routing Metrics
    Virtual Local-Area Networks
        VLAN Membership
        VLAN Segmentation
    The Spanning Tree Protocol
    Interface Configuration and Switch Management
    MDI-X
    Trunking
    Port Mirroring
    Port Authentication
    Power over Ethernet (PoE and PoE+)
    MAC Address Table
    Switch Management
    Managed and Unmanaged
    Quality of Service
    Traffic Shaping
    Access Control Lists
    ARP and RARP
What's Next?
CHAPTER 4: Network Implementations
Common Networking Devices
    Firewall
    IDS/IPS
    Router
    Switch
        Hub and Switch Cabling
    Multilayer Switch
    Hub
    Bridge
    DSL and Cable Modems
    Access Point
    Media Converter
    Voice Gateway
    Repeater
    Wireless LAN Controller
    Load Balancer
    Proxy Server
    VPN Concentrators and Headends
    Networked Devices
Networking Architecture
    Three-Tiered Architecture
        Core Layer
        Distribution/Aggregation Layer
        Access/Edge Layer
    Software-Defined Networking
        Application Layer
        Control Layer
        Infrastructure Layer
        Management Plane
    Spine and Leaf
    Traffic Flows
    Datacenter Location Types
    Storage-Area Networks
        iSCSI
        Fibre Channel and FCoE
        Network-Attached Storage
What's Next?
CHAPTER 5: Cabling Solutions and Issues
General Media Considerations
    Broadband Versus Baseband Transmissions
    Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Modes
    Data Transmission Rates
    Types of Network Media
        Twisted-Pair Cabling (Copper)
        Coaxial Cables
        Twinaxial Cables
        Fiber-Optic Cables
        Plenum Versus PVC Cables
    Types of Media Connectors
        BNC Connectors
        RJ-11 Connectors
        RJ-45 Connectors
        F-Type Connectors and RG-59 and RG-6 Cables
        Fiber Connectors
        Transceivers
    Media Couplers/Converters
    TIA/EIA 568A and 568B Wiring Standards
    Straight-Through Versus Crossover Cables
    Rollover and Loopback Cables
    Components of Wiring Distribution
        Network Cross-Connects
        Horizontal Cabling
        Vertical Cables
        Patch Panels
        Fiber Distribution Panels
        66 and 110 Blocks (T568A, T568B)
        MDF and IDF Wiring Closets
    Ethernet Copper and Fiber Standards
        10BASE-T
        100BASE-TX
        1000BASE-T
        10GBASE-T
        40GBASE-T
        1000BASE-LX and 1000BASE-SX
        10GBASE-LR and 10GBASE-SR
    Multiplexing Options
Troubleshooting Common Cable Connectivity Issues
Limitations, Considerations, and Issues
    Throughput, Speed, and Distance
    Cabling Specifications/Limitations
    Cabling Considerations
    Cabling Applications
    Attenuation and dB Loss
    Interference
    Incorrect Pinout
    Bad Ports
    Open/Short
    LED Status Indicators
    Incorrect Transceivers
    Duplexing Issues
    TX/RX Reversed
    Dirty Optical Cables
Common Tools
    Cable Crimpers, Strippers, and Snips/Cutters
    Punchdown Tools
    Tone Generator
    Loopback Adapter
    OTDR
    Multimeter
    Cable Tester
    Wire Map
    Tap
    Fusion Splicer
    Spectrum Analyzer
    Fiber Light Meter
What's Next?
CHAPTER 6: Wireless Solutions and Issues
Understanding Wireless Basics
    Wireless Channels and Frequencies
    Cellular Technology Access
    Speed, Distance, and Bandwidth
    Channel Bonding
    MIMO/MU-MIMO/Directional/Omnidirectional
        Antenna Ratings
        Antenna Coverage
    Establishing Communications Between Wireless Devices
    Configuring the Wireless Connection
Troubleshooting Wireless Issues
    Site Surveys
    Factors Affecting Wireless Signals
    Interference
    Reflection, Refraction, and Absorption
Troubleshooting AP Coverage
What's Next?
CHAPTER 7: Cloud Computing Concepts and Options
Cloud Concepts
    Service Models
    Software as a Service
    Platform as a Service
    Infrastructure as a Service
    Desktop as a Service
    Deployment Models
    Private Cloud
    Public Cloud
    Hybrid and Community Clouds
    Infrastructure as Code
    Connectivity Options
    Multitenancy
    Elasticity
    Scalability
    Security Implications
    The Relationship Between Resources
What's Next?
CHAPTER 8: Network Operations
Organizational Documents and Policies
    Wiring and Port Locations
        Troubleshooting Using Wiring Schematics
    Physical and Logical Network Diagrams
    Baseline Configurations
    Policies, Procedures, Configurations, and Regulations
        Policies
        Password-Related Policies
        Procedures
        Change Management Documentation
        Configuration Documentation
        Regulations
        Labeling
High Availability and Disaster Recovery
    Backups
        Full Backups
        Differential Backups
        Incremental Backups
        Snapshots
    Backup Best Practices
    Using Uninterruptible Power Supplies
        Why Use a UPS?
        Power Threats
    Beyond the UPS
    Cold, Warm, Hot, and Cloud Sites
    High Availability and Recovery Concepts
    Active-Active Versus Active-Passive
Monitoring Network Performance
    Common Performance Metrics
    SNMP Monitors
        Management Information Base (MIB)
    Network Performance, Load, and Stress Testing
        Performance Tests
        Load Tests and Send/Receive Traffic
        Stress Tests
        Performance Metrics
    Network Device Logs
        Security Logs
        Application Log
        System Logs
        History Logs
        Log Management
        Patch Management
    Environmental Factors
What's Next?
CHAPTER 9: Network Security
Common Security Concepts
    Access Control
    Mandatory Access Control
    Discretionary Access Control
    Rule-Based Access Control
    Role-Based Access Control
    Defense in Depth
        Network Segmentation
        Screened Subnet
    Separation of Duties
    Honeypots
    RADIUS and TACACS+
    Kerberos Authentication
    Local Authentication
    Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
    Using Certificates
    Auditing and Logging
    Multifactor Authentication Factors
    Additional Access Control Methods
        802.1X
        Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
        Network Access Control (NAC)
        MAC Filtering
    Risk Management
    Penetration Testing
    Security Information and Event Management
Common Networking Attacks
    Denial-of-Service and Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks
        Types of DoS Attacks
    Other Common Attacks
        Social Engineering
        Logic Bomb
        Rogue DHCP
        Rogue Access Points and Evil Twins
        Advertising Wireless Weaknesses
        Phishing
        Ransomware
        DNS Poisoning
        ARP Cache Poisoning
        Spoofing
        Deauthentication
        Brute Force
        On-Path Attack
        VLAN Hopping
        ARP Spoofing
    Vulnerabilities and Prevention
Network Hardening and Physical Security
    Disposing of Assets
    Implementing Physical Security
        Lock and Key
        Swipe Card and PIN Access
        Biometrics
    Two-Factor and Multifactor Authentication
    Secured Versus Unsecured Protocols
    Hardening Best Practices
    Wireless Security
        MAC Filtering
        Antenna Placement and Power Levels
        Isolation
        Preshared Keys
        Geofencing
        Captive Portal
    IoT Access Considerations
Remote-Access Methods
    Remote File Access
    VPNs
        Components of the VPN Connection
        VPN Connection Types
        VPN Pros and Cons
        IPSec
        SSL/TLS/DTLS
    Site-to-Site and Client-to-Site
    Virtual Desktops
    HTTPS/Management URL
    Authentication and Authorization Considerations
    Out-of-Band Management
What's Next?
CHAPTER 10: Network Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting Steps and Procedures
    Identify the Problem
        Identify Symptoms
        Determine Whether Anything Has Changed
        Duplicate the Problem if Possible
        Approach Multiple Problems Individually
    Establish a Theory of Probable Cause
    Test the Theory to Determine the Cause
    Establish a Plan of Action
    Implement the Solution or Escalate
        Determine Whether Escalation Is Necessary
    Verify Full System Functionality
    Document Findings, Actions, Outcomes, and Lessons
Software Troubleshooting Tools
    Wi-Fi Analyzer
    Protocol Analyzer
    Bandwidth Speed Tester
    Port Scanner
    iperf
    NetFlow Analyzer
    TFTP Server
    Terminal Emulator
    IP Scanner
    Command-Line Tools
    The Trace Route Utility (tracert/traceroute)
    ping
        The Destination Host Unreachable Message
        The Request Timed Out Message
        The Unknown Host Message
        The Expired TTL Message
        Troubleshooting with ping
        hostname
    ARP
        arp ping
    The netstat Command
        netstat -e
        netstat -a
        netstat -r
        netstat -s
        telnet
    ipconfig
    ifconfig
    nslookup
    dig
    The tcpdump Command
    The route Utility
    nmap
    Basic Network Platform Commands
Troubleshooting General Networking Issues
    Common Considerations
    Common Problems to Be Aware Of
        Collisions
        Broadcast Storm
        Multicast Flooding
        Asymmetrical Routing
        Switching Loops
        Routing Loops
        Missing Route
        Low Optical Link Budget
        Incorrect VLAN
        DNS Issues
        Incorrect Gateway
        Incorrect Subnet Mask
        Duplicate or Incorrect IP Address
        Duplicate MAC Addresses
        Expired IP Address
        Rogue DHCP Server
        Certificate Issues
        NTP Issues/Incorrect Time
        DHCP Scope Exhaustion
        Blocked Ports, Services, or Addresses
        Incorrect Firewall Settings
        Incorrect ACL Settings
        Unresponsive Service
        BYOD Challenges
        Licensed Feature Issues
    Hardware Failure
    Network Performance Issues
What's Next?
Glossary