Adaptive Immunity exam Flashcards
Adaptive Immunity exam
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Adaptive Immune System A part of the immune system that mounts specific defenses against pathogens through antigen recognition. B Cells Lymphocytes that produce antibodies to bind antigens. T Cells Lymphocytes that require antigen presentation via MHC proteins to become activated. Antigen A molecule that produces an immune response, often having multiple epitopes. Antibodies Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Proteins that present antigens on the cell surface for T cell recognition. Clonal Expansion The process by which activated B and T cells divide to form effector and memory cells. Effector Cells Short-lived cells that take immediate action against pathogens. Memory Cells Long-lived cells that remain in the body to respond quickly to future infections. Primary Immune Response The initial response of the adaptive immune system to a new pathogen. Secondary Immune Response A faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure to a previously encountered pathogen. Vaccination The introduction of a vaccine to prime the immune system against future infections. Helper T Cells Effector T cells that assist in activating other immune cells by secreting cytokines. Cytotoxic T Cells Effector T cells that kill pathogen-infected cells. Opsonization The process by which antibodies enhance the phagocytosis of pathogens. Agglutination The clumping of pathogens due to antibodies binding multiple antigens. Passive Immunity Immunity acquired by receiving antibodies from another individual. Active Immunity Immunity developed through the production of antibodies in response to an infection or vaccination. Self-Nonself Recognition The ability of the immune system to distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign cells. Antigen Presentation The display of antigens on the cell surface by MHC proteins for T cell recognition. CD4+ T Cells T cells that interact with MHC class II proteins and become helper T cells. CD8+ T Cells T cells that interact with MHC class I proteins and become cytotoxic T cells. Plasma Cells Effector B cells that produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies. Somatic Hypermutation A process that allows B cells to fine-tune their antigen receptors for better binding. HIV A virus that infects and kills CD4+ T cells, leading to a weakened immune system. AIDS A condition resulting from HIV infection characterized by a severely weakened immune system. Allergies Abnormal immune responses to non-threatening antigens, known as allergens. Autoimmunity An immune response directed against the body's own cells and molecules. Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Immune system cells found in the gut and respiratory tract that capture invading pathogens.
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