Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Genes are located on chromosomes, which are transmitted from parents to offspring through gametes.

Question 2

A scientist observes a mutation in a fruit fly that results in white eyes instead of the typical red. What is the best explanation for this observation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation has occurred in one allele of the gene controlling eye color, resulting in a different phenotype.

Question 3

Which process reduces the chromosome number by half, ensuring genetic continuity across generations?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the diploid and haploid chromosome numbers?

Accepted Answer

$2n$ for diploid and $n$ for haploid$

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the central dogma of genetics is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 6

A single nucleotide change in the gene encoding the β-globin chain of hemoglobin results in sickle-cell anemia. Which of the following best explains the molecular basis for this disease?

Accepted Answer

A point mutation changes a codon, resulting in the substitution of valine for glutamic acid in the protein.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good model genetic organism?

Accepted Answer

Long life cycle

Question 8

Which of the following best describes recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

The creation of DNA molecules by joining DNA from two different organisms in vitro.

Question 9

Which of the following is a real-world application of biotechnology in agriculture?

Accepted Answer

Inserting genes for herbicide resistance into crop plants.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why proteins are considered the end products of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Proteins perform most cellular functions and their structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids encoded by genes.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about alleles is correct?

Accepted Answer

Alleles are alternative forms of a gene that may produce different phenotypes.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of reverse genetics?

Accepted Answer

Disrupting a known gene sequence to observe the resulting phenotype.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

The genotype is the set of alleles an organism carries, which determines its observable traits (phenotype).

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences to create fragments for cloning.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is an antiparallel, double-stranded helix with complementary base pairing between A–T and G–C.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of mRNA in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Question 17

Which of the following is a major ethical concern associated with genetic testing and gene therapy?

Accepted Answer

Potential misuse of genetic information and privacy issues.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct example of a model organism and its use in genetic research?

Accepted Answer

Drosophila melanogaster is used to study nervous system disorders and cancer.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the field of genomics?

Accepted Answer

The study of the structure, function, and evolution of entire genomes.

Question 20

Which of the following is a direct result of the central dogma of molecular genetics?

Accepted Answer

A change in DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of a protein, potentially changing its function.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Genetics – Foundations, History, and Modern Applications

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