Question 1

Which experiment provided the first direct evidence that DNA, and not protein, is the hereditary material in viruses?

Accepted Answer

Hershey–Chase experiment

Question 2

In Griffith’s transformation experiment, what was the outcome when mice were injected with a mixture of heat-killed S strain and live R strain Pneumococcus bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The mice died and live S strain bacteria were recovered

Question 3

Which property is NOT required for a molecule to serve as genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Ability to catalyze metabolic reactions

Question 4

During the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment, which enzyme treatment prevented transformation of R strain bacteria into S strain?

Accepted Answer

DNase

Question 5

Which radioactive isotope was used by Hershey and Chase to label DNA in their experiment?

Accepted Answer

$$^{32}\mathrm{P}$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA $$\rightarrow$$ RNA $$\rightarrow$$ Protein

Question 7

Which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle is DNA replication most active?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 8

A mutation in the gene encoding a ribosomal RNA (rRNA) would most directly affect which process?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 9

Which of the following statements about semiconservative DNA replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct product of transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA

Question 11

A scientist destroys all RNA in a cell but leaves DNA and proteins intact. Which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why proteins were initially considered as candidates for genetic material rather than DNA?

Accepted Answer

Proteins have greater structural diversity than DNA

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of RNA in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information for inheritance

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disease caused by a mutation that prevents the accurate copying of DNA before cell division. Which process is directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the outcome of the Hershey–Chase experiment?

Accepted Answer

Radioactive phosphorus was found inside the bacteria

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in gene expression according to the Central Dogma?

Accepted Answer

Replication $$\rightarrow$$ Transcription $$\rightarrow$$ Translation

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the S strain of Pneumococcus is virulent while the R strain is not?

Accepted Answer

The S strain has a capsule that protects it from the host immune system

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world application of the Central Dogma in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Designing mRNA vaccines to produce viral proteins in human cells

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA sequence

Question 20

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in a heritable change in an organism?

Accepted Answer

A mutation in the DNA sequence of a germ cell

Discovery of DNA and the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics

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