Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structural difference between purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Purines have a double ring structure, while pyrimidines have a single ring structure.

Question 2

Refer to the first image. Which of the following mistakes is present in the diagram of two linked DNA nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

The phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon of the sugar.

Question 3

Which scientist first isolated DNA, and what was the source of this DNA?

Accepted Answer

Friedrich Miescher; pus cells

Question 4

What is the approximate number of base pairs per complete turn of the B-form DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

10.5 base pairs

Question 5

Which of the following is a critical difference between B-DNA and Z-DNA?

Accepted Answer

B-DNA is right-handed, Z-DNA is left-handed.

Question 6

In the second image (Sanger sequencing gel), what is the sequence of the DNA strand being analyzed, starting from the bottom of the gel?

Accepted Answer

AGTGC

Question 7

What is the main reason AT-rich regions are advantageous at the origin of replication in E. coli?

Accepted Answer

AT pairs are easier to separate due to fewer hydrogen bonds.

Question 8

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 9

What is the conserved telomere repeat sequence in vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{TTAGGG}$$

Question 10

Which RNA polymerase is responsible for mRNA production during eukaryotic transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase II

Question 11

Refer to the third image. What is the sequence of the mRNA transcript produced from the template strand shown?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{AUGCGUAAUGCUGAUC}$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?

Accepted Answer

A sequence in bacterial mRNA that aligns the ribosome with the start codon.

Question 13

What phenomenon allows cells to function with separate tRNA molecules for each of the 20 amino acids, rather than separate tRNA molecules for each of the 64 possible anticodons?

Accepted Answer

The wobble hypothesis.

Question 14

Which mutation type is most likely to result from strand slippage during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation

Question 15

What is the main mechanism by which photolyase repairs DNA damage?

Accepted Answer

It uses visible light energy to break pyrimidine dimers.

Question 16

Refer to the fourth image. What important trend related to aneuploidy does the data support?

Accepted Answer

The risk of Down syndrome increases with maternal age.

Question 17

Which of the following is a key difference between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy?

Accepted Answer

Autopolyploidy involves chromosome sets from the same species, allopolyploidy involves chromosome sets from different species.

Question 18

What is the primary difference between an enveloped virus and a naked virus?

Accepted Answer

Enveloped viruses have a lipid membrane surrounding their capsid, naked viruses lack this membrane.

Question 19

Which enzyme is responsible for the creation of flanking direct repeats at transposable element insertion sites?

Accepted Answer

Transposase

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