Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique daughter cells.

Question 2

A geneticist is studying a population where the frequency of allele $A$ is 0.7 and allele $a$ is 0.3. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes ($Aa$) in the population?

Accepted Answer

$0.42$

Question 3

Which process is responsible for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over

Question 4

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from $5'-ATGCGT-3'$ to $5'-ATGAGT-3'$. What type of mutation has occurred?

Accepted Answer

Substitution

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why Mendel’s laws are not always observed in real populations?

Accepted Answer

Gene linkage and epistasis can cause deviations from Mendelian ratios.

Question 6

A woman who is a carrier for cystic fibrosis ($Ff$) and a man who is homozygous normal ($FF$) have a child. What is the probability that the child will be a carrier?

Accepted Answer

$0.50$

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct result of the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 8

In a population, the genotype frequencies for a gene with two alleles ($A$ and $a$) are: $AA = 0.36$, $Aa = 0.48$, $aa = 0.16$. What are the allele frequencies for $A$ and $a$?

Accepted Answer

$A = 0.60$, a = 0.40$

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleotides in cells?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing chemical reactions as enzymes

Question 10

A genetic disorder is caused by a recessive allele. If two heterozygous parents have a child, what is the probability that the child will express the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$0.25$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of CRISPR in genetics?

Accepted Answer

It is a tool for precise genome editing.

Question 12

Which statement about gene expression regulation in eukaryotes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Gene expression can be regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, and translation.

Question 13

A population of butterflies has the following genotype frequencies for a gene: $BB = 0.25$, $Bb = 0.50$, $bb = 0.25$. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what are the allele frequencies for $B$ and $b$?

Accepted Answer

$B = 0.50$, b = 0.50$

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern?

Accepted Answer

Incomplete dominance

Question 15

A scientist uses gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments. What property of DNA allows this technique to work?

Accepted Answer

DNA fragments move toward the positive electrode due to their negative charge.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

The direct manipulation of an organism’s DNA using biotechnology.

Question 17

A pedigree shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 18

Which of the following statements about quantitative genetics is correct?

Accepted Answer

Quantitative traits show continuous variation and are influenced by multiple genes.

Question 19

A researcher is studying the effect of a mutation that prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle. What is the most likely consequence for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes will not be properly segregated during cell division.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world application of population genetics?

Accepted Answer

Tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial populations.

PCB 3063: General Genetics – Course Syllabus and Study Guide

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