Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Small population size

Question 2

In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of allele $$A_1 is$$ $$p = 0.6$$ and the frequency of allele $$A_2 is$$ $$q = 0.4$$, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes ($$A_1A_2$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$0.48$$

Question 3

A population of 10,000 individuals has a recessive disease with an occurrence of 1 per 10,000 births. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of carriers for the recessive allele?

Accepted Answer

$$0.0198$$

Question 4

Which equation represents the genotype frequencies for a gene with three alleles ($$A_1$$, $$A_2$$, $$A_3) $$under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2$$ + $$q^2$$ + $$r^2 + 2pq + 2pr + 2qr = 1$

Question 5

Which scenario best illustrates the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A small group of individuals colonizes a new island, establishing a new population

Question 6

If the relative fitness ($$w) of a $$genotype is $$0.8$$, what is the selection coefficient ($$s) $$for this genotype?

Accepted Answer

$$s = 0.2$$

Question 7

Which of the following is a consequence of inbreeding in a population?

Accepted Answer

Increased homozygosity

Question 8

A population has 400 breeding males and 600 breeding females. What is the effective population size ($$N_e$$)? Use the equation $$N_e = \frac{4N_mN_f}{N_m + N_f}.$$

Accepted Answer

$$N_e = 480$$

Question 9

Which evolutionary force is most likely to cause rapid changes in allele frequencies in small populations?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 10

In regions where malaria is endemic, the frequency of the HbS allele is higher than expected. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?

Accepted Answer

Balanced polymorphism due to heterozygote advantage

Question 11

Which of the following best describes gene flow?

Accepted Answer

Movement of alleles between populations due to migration

Question 12

If $$N_e 	imes s \u003c 1$$, which evolutionary force is expected to have a stronger influence on allele frequencies?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 13

Which of the following is a violation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium that can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity?

Accepted Answer

Inbreeding

Question 14

A population of Channel Island gray foxes has reduced heterozygosity compared to mainland foxes. Which evolutionary force is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 15

Which of the following statements about Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Genotype frequencies can be predicted from allele frequencies using $$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 16

Which real-world example illustrates the effect of gene flow between species?

Accepted Answer

Hybridization between polar and brown bears

Question 17

If a genotype has a relative fitness ($$w) of$$ $$0.995$$, what is its selection coefficient ($$s$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$s = 0.005$$

Question 18

Which of the following is most likely to increase the rate of adaptation in a population?

Accepted Answer

Large effective population size

Question 19

Which equation is used to calculate the effective population size ($$N_e) $$given the number of breeding males ($$N_m) $$and females ($$N_f$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$N_e = \frac{4N_mN_f}{N_m + N_f}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of a balanced polymorphism maintained by natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Sickle cell trait in regions with malaria

Population Genetics: Principles, Equilibrium, and Evolutionary Forces

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