Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the central dogma of molecular biology as depicted in the first image (a)?

Accepted Answer

Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, with no flow of information from protein back to nucleic acids.

Question 2

Based on the second image, which of the following is a key structural difference between purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides?

Accepted Answer

Purines have a double-ring structure, while pyrimidines have a single-ring structure.

Question 3

In prokaryotic cells, as shown in the third image, which process is occurring simultaneously with transcription?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 4

Referencing the fourth image, what is the key difference in gene expression between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes compartmentalize transcription and translation, while prokaryotes couple these processes.

Question 5

The fifth image shows consensus sequences for E. coli promoters. What is the function of the -10 and -35 regions?

Accepted Answer

They are recognized by the sigma factor to initiate transcription.

Question 6

In the sixth image, what is the role of the enzyme shown interacting with DNA and synthesizing RNA?

Accepted Answer

It is RNA polymerase, which synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.

Question 7

The seventh image shows a transcription bubble. Which direction does RNA polymerase read the DNA template, and in which direction does it synthesize RNA?

Accepted Answer

Reads DNA 3' to 5', synthesizes RNA 5' to 3'

Question 8

The eighth image illustrates a process involving a protein factor and a stem-loop structure. What is being depicted?

Accepted Answer

Rho-dependent termination of transcription in prokaryotes

Question 9

In the ninth image, what do the colored regions and the two spheres represent in the context of RNA splicing?

Accepted Answer

Exons and the spliceosome complex

Question 10

The tenth image shows three colored spheres. In the context of RNA processing, what do these likely represent?

Accepted Answer

snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) involved in splicing

Question 11

The eleventh image depicts a series of steps involving RNA and a lariat structure. What process is being illustrated?

Accepted Answer

Splicing of pre-mRNA to remove introns and join exons

Question 12

The twelfth image shows alternative mRNA isoforms produced from a single gene. What mechanism is responsible for this diversity?

Accepted Answer

Alternative splicing

Question 13

The thirteenth image shows a circular map of human mitochondrial DNA. What is a key feature of mitochondrial transcription?

Accepted Answer

Long polycistronic transcripts are processed to release individual RNAs.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why RNA is more susceptible to degradation than DNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA contains a 2'-OH group on the ribose sugar, making it more chemically reactive.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of the 5' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

It signals the start codon for translation.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the sigma (σ) factor in prokaryotic transcription is correct?

Accepted Answer

The sigma factor provides promoter specificity and usually dissociates after initiation.

Question 17

Which of the following is a key difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes use multiple general transcription factors to initiate transcription, while prokaryotes use a sigma factor.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the poly(A) tail added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

It increases mRNA stability and facilitates export from the nucleus.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a type of functional RNA produced in cells?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Transcription and RNA Processing: From DNA to Functional RNA

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