Classify the following carbohydrates as a monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide:

(a) carageenan, a seaweed extract containing up to 25,000 carbohydrate units

Classify the following carbohydrates as a monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide:

(a) raffinose, a soluble fiber containing three carbohydrate units

Identify the following as characteristics of soluble or insoluble fiber:

(a) can mix with water

Identify the following as containing soluble or insoluble fiber:

(a) oatmeal

Classify each of the following monosaccharides by the type of carbonyl group and the number of carbons (for example, a monosaccharide with an aldehyde and three carbons is an aldotriose).

(a)

Classify each of the following monosaccharides by the type of carbonyl group and the number of carbons (for example, a monosaccharide with an aldehyde and three carbons is an aldotriose).

(a)

Identify the following monosaccharides as the D- or the L-isomer:

(a)

Draw the Fischer projection for the enantiomer (mirror image) of each of the following:

(a)

Classify structures A, B, and C in the figure as being either an enantiomer or a diastereomer of D-galactose.

Use the structure of D-galactose in Problem 6.15 to answer the following:

(a) Draw the Fischer projection of the carbon 3 epimer.

Use the structure of d-galactose in Problem 6.15 to answer the following: 

(b) Draw the Fischer projection of L-galactose.

Identify the monosaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:

(a) also referred to as dextrose

Identify the monosaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:

(a) in combination with glucose produces the disaccharide lactose

Indicate whether the following statements apply to type 1 or type 2 diabetes:

(a) most cases begin in youth

Indicate whether the following statements apply to type 1 or type 2 diabetes:

(c) can be managed with diet and exercise

Identify the following carbohydrates as the ⍺ or β anomer:

(a)

Draw the ⍺ and β anomer of D-talose in pyranose ring form:

The sugar alcohol ribitol is a component of the vitamin riboflavin and the energy transfer molecule FAD. Ribitol is formed when the monosaccharide ribose undergoes reduction at carbon 1. Draw the structure of ribitol.

The sugar alcohol erythritol is often included in low-calorie sweeteners. It is 70% as sweet as table sugar. Erythritol is the reduced form of the aldotetrose erythrose. Draw erythritol.

Pentoses also exist in a ring form, but they most commonly occur as furanose rings. D-Ribose exists in its furanose ring form in the nucleic acid RNA. Using the structure of D-ribose from Table 6.1, draw the furanose form of β-D-ribose.

Identify the following reactions as condensation or hydrolysis:

(a) two monosaccharides reacting to form a disaccharide

Name the glycosidic bond present in mannobiose, shown in the following figure:

For each of the following disaccharides, name the glycosidic bond and draw the monosaccharide units produced by hydrolysis:

(a)

Lactulose is a disaccharide used in the treatment of chronic constipation. Its formal name is galactose β(1→4) fructose.

(a) Draw the structure of lactulose.

Identify a disaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:

(a) ordinary table sugar

Based on the sweetness index in Table 6.2, if you tasted a drop of each of the syrups below, which would taste the sweetest?

(a) light corn syrup (100% glucose)

If one sweetener packet of Splenda, Sweet’N Low, or Equal has the same sweetness as two tablespoons of sugar, according to Table 6.2, which of the packets contains the smallest amount of the sweetener?

Describe the similarities and differences of the following polysaccharides:

(a) amylose and amylopectin

Give the name of one or more polysaccharides that matches each of the following descriptions:

(a) not digestible by humans

Give the name of one or more polysaccharides that matches each of the following descriptions:

(d) produces maltose during digestion