Identify the following features of this phospholipid, which is needed for the brain and nerve tissues:

a. Is the phospholipid formed from glycerol or sphingosine?

Draw the structure for cholesterol.

How do chylomicrons differ from VLDL?

Why is LDL called “bad” cholesterol?

Which of the following are steroid hormones?

a. cholesterol

b. cortisol

c. estradiol

d. testosterone

What is the function of the lipid bilayer in a cell membrane?

How do molecules of cholesterol affect the structure of cell membranes?

Where are proteins located in cell membranes?

Identify the type of transport described by each of the following:

b. O₂ moves into the cell from a higher concentration outside the cell.

Identify the type of transport described by each of the following:

a. A molecule moves through a protein channel.

Identify the type of transport described by each of the following:

a. An ion moves from low to high concentration in the cell.

Palm oil has a high level of glyceryl tripalmitate (tripalmitin). Draw the condensed structural formula for glyceryl tripalmitate.

<IMAGE>

 Identify each of the following as a saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-3, or omega-6 fatty acid:

a.

 Identify each of the following as a saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-3, or omega-6 fatty acid:

a.

Among the ingredients in lipstick are beeswax, carnauba wax, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and glyceryl tricaprate (tricaprin).

a. What types of lipids are these?

The total kilocalories and grams of fat for some typical meals at fast-food restaurants are listed here. Calculate the number of kilocalories and the percentage of total kilocalories from fat (1 gram of fat = 9 kcal). Round kcals to the tens place.

a. a beef burrito, 470 kcal, 21 g of fat

 Identify each of the following as a fatty acid, soap, triacylglycerol, wax, glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, or steroid:

a. beeswax

 Identify each of the following as a fatty acid, soap, triacylglycerol, wax, glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, or steroid:

d. glyceryl tripalmitate (tripalmitin)

 Identify each of the following as a fatty acid, soap, triacylglycerol, wax, glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, or steroid:

b. cholesterol

 Identify each of the following as a fatty acid, soap, triacylglycerol, wax, glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, or steroid:

a. sphingomyelin

 Identify the components (1 to 6) contained in each of the following lipids (a to d):

1. glycerol

2. fatty acid

3. phosphate

4. amino alcohol

5. steroid nucleus

6. sphingosine

a. estrogen

 Identify the components (1 to 6) contained in each of the following lipids (a to d):

1. glycerol

2. fatty acid

3. phosphate

4. amino alcohol

5. steroid nucleus

6. sphingosine

d. triacylglycerol

Which of the following are found in cell membranes?

a. cholesterol

b. triacylglycerols

c. carbohydrates

Which of the following are found in cell membranes?

a. proteins

b. waxes

c. phospholipids

Draw the condensed structural formula for a glycerophospholipid that contains glycerol, two stearic acids, phosphate, and ethanolamine (ionized).

Sunflower seed oil can be used to make margarine. A triacylglycerol in sunflower seed oil contains two linoleic acids and one oleic acid.

b. Using one of the isomers, write the reaction that takes place when sunflower seed oil is used to make solid margarine.

 Match the lipoprotein (1 to 4) with its description (a to d).

1. chylomicrons

2. VLDL

3. LDL

4. HDL

b. transports most of the cholesterol to the cells

Match the lipoprotein (1 to 4) with its description (a to d).

1. chylomicrons

2. VLDL

3. LDL

4. HDL

b. “bad” cholesterol

A sink drain can become clogged with solid fat such as glyceryl tristearate (tristearin).

c. How many milliliters of a 0.500 M NaOH solution are needed to completely react with 10.0 g of glyceryl tristearate (tristearin)?

One of the triacylglycerols in olive oil is glyceryl tripalmitoleate (tripalmitolein).

a. Draw the condensed structural formula for glyceryl tripalmitoleate (tripalmitolein).