Domanda del libro di testo
Write the initiation, propagation, and termination steps for the monochlorination of cyclohexane.
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Ch. 12 - Radicals
Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding31
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry84
- Ch. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds: Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure183
- Ch. 4 - Isomers: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space121
- Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics83
- Ch. 6 - The Reactions of Alkenes • The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions175
- Ch. 7 - The Reactions of Alkynes • An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis119
- Ch. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of Benzene148
- Ch. 9 - Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides212
- Ch. 10 - Reactions of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, and Sulfur-Containing Compounds131
- Ch. 11 - Organometallic Compounds60
- Ch. 12 - Radicals90
- Ch. 13 - Mass Spectrometry; Infrared Spectroscopy; UV/Vis Spectroscopy62
- Ch. 14 - NMR Spectroscopy95
- Ch. 15 - Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives123
- Ch. 16 - Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 17 - Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon101
- Ch. 18 - Reactions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes144
- Ch. 19 - More About Amines • Reactions of Heterocyclic Compounds49
- Ch. 20 - The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates80
- Ch. 21 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins57
- Ch. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions35
- Ch. 23 - The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes—Compounds Derived from Vitamins1
- Ch. 28 - Pericyclic Reactions58
Capitolo 12, Problema 2
Write the steps for formation of tetrachloromethane (CCl4) from the reaction of methane with Cl2 + hv.
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Step 1: Understand the reaction mechanism. The reaction of methane (CH4) with chlorine (Cl2) in the presence of ultraviolet light (hv) proceeds via a free radical substitution mechanism. This involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps.
Step 2: Initiation step. UV light (hv) provides energy to break the Cl-Cl bond in chlorine molecules, forming two chlorine radicals (Cl•). This can be represented as:
Step 3: Propagation step. A chlorine radical reacts with methane (CH4), abstracting a hydrogen atom to form HCl and a methyl radical (CH3•). This can be represented as: . The methyl radical then reacts with another Cl2 molecule, forming CH3Cl and another Cl• radical. This process repeats, substituting hydrogen atoms one by one.
Step 4: Continue propagation until all four hydrogen atoms in methane are replaced by chlorine atoms. The successive reactions lead to the formation of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), trichloromethane (CHCl3), and finally tetrachloromethane (CCl4). Each step involves the abstraction of a hydrogen atom and substitution with a chlorine atom.
Step 5: Termination step. The reaction ends when two radicals combine to form a stable molecule, such as Cl• + Cl• → Cl2 or CH3• + Cl• → CH3Cl. This prevents further propagation and stabilizes the reaction products. The final product, tetrachloromethane (CCl4), is formed after all hydrogen atoms in methane are replaced by chlorine atoms.
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Free Radical Halogenation
Free radical halogenation is a reaction mechanism where alkanes react with halogens in the presence of light (hv) to form alkyl halides. This process involves the generation of free radicals through the homolytic cleavage of the halogen bond, leading to a series of chain reactions that ultimately replace hydrogen atoms in the alkane with halogen atoms.
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12:11
Radical Chain Reaction Mechanism.
Mechanism of Chlorination
The chlorination of methane involves three main steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, Cl2 is dissociated into two chlorine radicals under UV light. During propagation, these radicals react with methane to form chloromethane and additional radicals, which can further react with Cl2, continuing the chain reaction until termination occurs when two radicals combine.
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00:48The products of Allylic Chlorination.
Selectivity in Halogenation
Selectivity in halogenation refers to the preference of a halogen to replace certain hydrogen atoms over others in an alkane. In the case of methane, chlorination can lead to multiple products, including chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane (CCl4). The formation of CCl4 occurs when all four hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine, which is favored under certain conditions, such as excess Cl2.
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03:45Halogenation Mechanism
Pratica correlata
Domanda del libro di testo
a. Which of the hydrogens in the structure in the margin is the easiest for a chlorine radical to remove?
b. How many secondary hydrogens does the structure have?
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Domanda del libro di testo
How many alkyl chlorides are obtained from monochlorination of the following alkanes? Disregard stereoisomers.
a.
1172
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Domanda del libro di testo
How many alkyl chlorides are obtained from monochlorination of the following alkanes? Disregard stereoisomers.
b.
1169
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