교과서 질문
In what ways can a hormone modify the activities of its target cells?
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Ch. 18 The Endocrine System
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization34
- Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization30
- Ch. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization24
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System17
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Structure36
- Ch. 7 The Axial Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton17
- Ch. 9 Joints13
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue12
- Ch. 11 The Muscular System28
- Ch. 12 Nervous Tissue18
- Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes22
- Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves20
- Ch. 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System17
- Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions30
- Ch. 17 The Special Senses16
- Ch. 18 The Endocrine System20
- Ch. 19 Blood31
- Ch. 20 The Heart31
- Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation29
- Ch. 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity31
- Ch. 23 The Respiratory System12
- Ch. 24 The Digestive System18
- Ch. 26 The Urinary System31
- Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes32
- Ch. 28 The Reproductive System12
- Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance23
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089당신이 사용하는 게 아니라요?교과서 변경
18장, 문제 23
Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased:
(a) Secretion of calcitonin
(b) Secretion of PTH
(c) Elimination of calcium by the kidneys
(d) Osteoclast activity
(e) Excitability of neural membranes
검증된 단계별 안내1
Step 1: Understand the role of blood calcium levels in the body. Calcium is crucial for many physiological processes, including bone metabolism, nerve function, and muscle contraction. The body tightly regulates blood calcium levels through hormones and cellular activity.
Step 2: Recall the hormones involved in calcium regulation: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. PTH is secreted when blood calcium levels are low to increase calcium levels, while calcitonin is secreted when calcium levels are high to lower them.
Step 3: Analyze the effects of decreased blood calcium. When calcium levels drop, the body responds by increasing PTH secretion to raise calcium levels. This involves increasing osteoclast activity to release calcium from bones, reducing calcium elimination by the kidneys, and increasing calcium absorption in the intestines.
Step 4: Evaluate each option in the context of decreased blood calcium: (a) Calcitonin secretion would decrease, not increase, because it lowers calcium. (b) PTH secretion would increase to raise calcium levels. (c) Calcium elimination by kidneys would decrease to conserve calcium. (d) Osteoclast activity would increase to release calcium from bones. (e) Excitability of neural membranes increases with low calcium, as calcium stabilizes neural membranes.
Step 5: Summarize the physiological responses to decreased blood calcium: increased PTH secretion, increased osteoclast activity, decreased calcium elimination by kidneys, and increased neural excitability. Calcitonin secretion decreases in this scenario.
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Secretion
PTH is secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels. It acts to increase calcium concentration by stimulating bone resorption, enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting activation of vitamin D to increase intestinal calcium absorption.
추천 영상:
13:06
Review of Major Hormones
Calcitonin Function
Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting calcium deposition in bones. Its secretion increases when blood calcium is high, thus it decreases when calcium levels are low.
추천 영상:
가이드 코스
06:04Functional Groups
Osteoclast Activity and Calcium Homeostasis
Osteoclasts are bone cells that break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. Increased osteoclast activity raises blood calcium levels, which is typically stimulated by PTH during hypocalcemia to restore calcium balance.
추천 영상:
01:59Introduction to Homeostasis
관련 실천
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(a) A steroid
(b) A peptide
(c) Testosterone
(d) Estrogen
(e) Aldosterone
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(b) May lack enough insulin receptors
(c) Cannot convert insulin to an active form
(d) Have adequate internal supplies of glucose
(e) Both b and c
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