What is the concentration of a NaCl solution, in (m/v)%, prepared by diluting 65 mL of a saturated solution, which has a concentration of 37 (m/v)%, to 480 mL?

What does it mean when we say that the concentration of Ca²⁺ in blood is 3.0 mEq/L?

Calculate the mass needed for each of the following ion equivalents:

a. 0.25 Eq Ca²⁺

The concentration of Cl^- ion in blood is approximately 100 mEq/L. How many milliliters of blood would be needed to obtain 1.0 g of Cl^- ions?

What does it mean when we say that a 0.15 M NaCl solution is isotonic with blood, whereas distilled water is hypotonic?

Which of the following solutions has the higher osmolarity?

b. 0.30 M NaOH or 3.0% (m/v) NaOH

Which of the following solutions will give rise to a greater osmotic pressure at equilibrium: 5.00 g of NaCl in 350.0 mL water or 35.0 g of glucose in 400.0 mL water? For NaCl, MW = 58.5 amu; for glucose, MW = 180 amu.

An isotonic solution must be approximately 0.30 osmol/L. How much KCl is needed to prepare 175 mL of an isotonic solution?

Uric acid, the principal constituent of some kidney stones, has the formula C₅H₄N₄O₃. In aqueous solution, the solubility of uric acid is only 0.067 g/L. Express this concentration in (m/v)%, in parts per million, and in molarity.

Emergency treatment of cardiac arrest victims sometimes involves injection of a calcium chloride solution directly into the heart muscle. How many grams of CaCl₂ are administered in an injection of 5.0 mL of a 5.0% (m/v) solution? How many milliequivalents of Ca²⁺?

Ammonia, NH₃, is very soluble in water (51.8 g/L at 20 °C and 760 mmHg).

a. Show how NH₃ can hydrogen bond to water.

Cobalt(II) chloride, a blue solid, can absorb water from the air to form cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, a pink solid. The equilibrium is so sensitive to moisture in the air that CoCl₂ is used as a humidity indicator.

a. Write a balanced equation for the equilibrium. Be sure to include water as a reactant to produce the hexahydrate.

How many milliliters of 0.150 M BaCl₂ are needed to react completely with 35.0 mL of 0.200 M Na₂SO₄? How many grams of BaSO₄ will be formed?

Many compounds are only partially dissociated into ions in aqueous solution. Trichloroacetic acid (CCl₃CO₂H), for instance, is partially dissociated in water according to the equation

CCl₃CO₂H(aq) → H⁺(aq) + CCl₃CO₂⁻ aq)

For a solution prepared by dissolving 1.00 mol of trichloroacetic acid in 1.00 kg of water, 36.0% of the trichloroacetic acid dissociates to form H⁺ and CCl₃CO₂⁻ ions.

a. What is the total concentration of dissolved ions and molecules in 1 kg of water?

Many compounds are only partially dissociated into ions in aqueous solution. Trichloroacetic acid (CCl₃CO₂H), for instance, is partially dissociated in water according to the equation

CCl₃CO₂H(aq) → H⁺(aq) + CCl₃CO₂⁻ aq)

For a solution prepared by dissolving 1.00 mol of trichloroacetic acid in 1.00 kg of water, 36.0% of the trichloroacetic acid dissociates to form H⁺ and CCl₃CO₂⁻ ions.

b. What is the freezing point of this solution? (The freezing point of 1 kg of water is lowered 1.86 °C for each mole of solute particles.)

Hyperbaric chambers, which provide high pressures (up to 6 atm) of either air or pure oxygen, are used to treat a variety of conditions, ranging from decompression sickness in deep-sea divers to carbon monoxide poisoning. Look up the solubility of O₂, N₂, CO, and CO₂ in water at standard temperature and pressure (1 atm, 25 °C).

a. Explain the trends in relative solubility for these gases.

Hyperbaric chambers, which provide high pressures (up to 6 atm) of either air or pure oxygen, are used to treat a variety of conditions, ranging from decompression sickness in deep-sea divers to carbon monoxide poisoning. Look up the solubility of O₂, N₂, CO, and CO₂ in water at standard temperature and pressure (1 atm, 25 °C).

b. Explain how elevated pressures in a hyperbaric chamber be used to treat decompression sickness (excess N₂ in blood) and carbon monoxide poisoning.

Look up the composition of Ringer's solution used in the treatment of burns and wounds.

b. What is the osmolarity of the solution? Is it hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic with blood plasma (0.30 osmol)? Discuss possible medicinal reasons for the osmolarity of the solution.

To prevent accumulation of ice on roads and sidewalks, many municipalities (and home-owners) will apply de-icing compounds to 'melt' the ice by lowering the freezing point.

b. Some de-icing compositions include dyes or colored compounds called indicators. Why?

Many carbonate minerals are insoluble in water and appear in water pipes as 'scale.'

b. Why is scale formation typically only a problem in hot water pipes?

Research information related to dialysis and answer the following questions:

a. What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?