For the molecules in Assessment 15.58, give an approximate chemical shift for each indicated carbon. [The range of correct answers is large here.].
(a)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the type of carbon environment in the molecule. Consider factors such as hybridization (sp3, sp2, sp), the presence of electronegative atoms, and the degree of substitution.
2. Understand that chemical shift values in 13C NMR are influenced by the electronic environment around the carbon atom. Electronegative atoms or groups can deshield the carbon, leading to higher chemical shift values.
3. Consider the typical chemical shift ranges for different types of carbon environments: sp3 hybridized carbons generally appear between 0-50 ppm, sp2 hybridized carbons between 100-150 ppm, and sp hybridized carbons around 70-90 ppm.
4. Evaluate the effect of nearby functional groups or atoms. For example, carbons adjacent to oxygen or nitrogen atoms may experience a shift towards higher ppm values due to deshielding effects.
5. Estimate the chemical shift for each indicated carbon based on the identified factors and typical ranges. Remember that the range of correct answers is large, so focus on understanding the trends and influences rather than pinpointing an exact value.

Key Concepts

Chemical Shift

Chemical shift refers to the resonant frequency of a nucleus relative to a standard in a magnetic field, typically measured in parts per million (ppm). In NMR spectroscopy, it provides insight into the electronic environment surrounding a nucleus, particularly carbon atoms in organic compounds. Variations in chemical shift can indicate different functional groups or hybridization states, making it essential for interpreting NMR spectra.

NMR Spectroscopy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to determine the structure of organic compounds. It exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei, such as carbon-13, to provide information about the number and type of atoms in a molecule. By analyzing the chemical shifts and splitting patterns in the NMR spectrum, chemists can deduce the connectivity and arrangement of atoms within the molecule.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. In organic chemistry, the presence of different functional groups can significantly influence the chemical shift observed in NMR spectroscopy. Understanding common functional groups, such as alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acids, is crucial for predicting and interpreting the chemical shifts of carbon atoms in a given molecule.