What is the ground state electron configuration of carbon? How many bonds does carbon usually form?

What is the hybridization of carbon in each of the following molecules?

(a)

What is the hybridization of carbon in each of the following molecules?

(d)

How many hydrogens would you expect a 24-carbon compound from each of the following molecular classes to have?

(a) Alkane

How many hydrogens would you expect a 24-carbon compound from each of the following molecular classes to have?

(b) Alkene

How many hydrogens would you expect a 24-carbon compound from each of the following molecular classes to have?

(c) Alkyne

Draw the molecular orbital picture for propane. Your picture should clearly show the shape and hybridization of the carbons. Label all σ bonds.

Choose the molecule in each pair you'd expect to have the higher boiling point. Explain your reasoning.

(a) eicosane ( C₂₀H₄₂) vs pentadecane

Choose the molecule in each pair you'd expect to have the higher boiling point. Explain your reasoning.

(b)

Rank the following molecules from least water soluble to most water soluble. Explain your reasoning.

(a) H₃C ― OH

Rank the following molecules from least water soluble to most water soluble. Explain your reasoning.

(b) LiCl

Rank the following molecules from least water soluble to most water soluble. Explain your reasoning.

(e) CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

For each of the following line-angle drawings, 

(i) give the number of carbons, 

(ii) label the carbons, 

(iii) tell how many hydrogens are on each carbon, and 

(iv) draw the hybrid structural formula.

(b)

For each of the following line-angle drawings,

(i) give the number of carbons,

(ii) label the carbons,

(iii) tell how many hydrogens are on each carbon, and

(iv) draw the hybrid structural formula.

(c)

For each of the following line-angle drawings, 

(i) give the number of carbons, 

(ii) label the carbons, 

(iii) tell how many hydrogens are on each carbon, and 

(iv) draw the hybrid structural formula.

(d)

Convert the following hybrid structural formulas into the line-angle drawings.

(b)

There are five alkane constitutional isomers with the molecular formula C₆H₁₄. Draw them.

There are nine alkane constitutional isomers with the molecular formula C₇H₁₆. Draw them.

Name the following alkanes using the IUPAC system of nomenclature. [Each molecule exemplifies one of the nomenclature rules in Tables 3.7 and 3.8.]

(j) rule 5

Name the following alkanes using the IUPAC system of nomenclature. [Each molecule exemplifies one of the nomenclature rules in Tables 3.7 and 3.8.]

(k) rule 6

Name the following alkanes using the IUPAC system of nomenclature. [Each molecule exemplifies one of the nomenclature rules in Tables 3.7 and 3.8.]

(n) rule 7

When we begin studying functional groups, the designation of substitution will be especially important. Label the following bromoalkanes as 1° , 2°, 3°, or 4° based on the carbon to which the bromine is attached.

(b)

When we begin studying reactive intermediates, the designation of substitution will be especially important. Label the following carbocations as 1° , 2°, 3°, or 4° or based on the carbon bearing the positive charge.

(b)

When we begin studying reactive intermediates, the designation of substitution will be especially important. Label the following carbocations as 1° , 2°, 3°, or 4° or based on the carbon bearing the positive charge.

(c)

Name the following alkanes using the common names for branched substituents.

(c)

In Chapter 8, we study the chemistry of alkenes, like ethene. In contrast to ethane, there is no free rotation around the C = C double bond of ethene. Explain this in the context of the molecular orbital picture of ethene.

For each molecule, draw the Newman projection you would observe if you looked down the C_a - C_b bond in the direction indicated.

(d) <IMAGE>

Using the Newman projections shown, draw each molecule in its line-angle drawing with all hydrogens and substituents shown. [Carbon b is behind carbon a in these structures.] Wedges and dashes should be used to indicate whether a substituent is coming out of, or going into, the plane of the page.

(b)

Using the Newman projections shown, draw each molecule in its line-angle drawing with all hydrogens and substituents shown. [Carbon b is behind carbon a in these structures.] Wedges and dashes should be used to indicate whether a substituent is coming out of, or going into, the plane of the page.

(d)

Calculate the dihedral angle (θ) for the conformations shown.

(c)