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Functional Groups quiz #5

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  • Etiolation is a set of morphological adaptations for growing under what condition?
    Etiolation occurs in plants growing in the absence of light, resulting in pale, elongated stems and undeveloped leaves.
  • What is the main role of the pigment molecules within the antenna or light-harvesting complex?
    The main role is to capture light energy and transfer it to the reaction center of the photosystem.
  • Which of these is a carboxyl group? a) -OH b) -COOH c) -NH2 d) -SH
    b) -COOH
  • Which nutrient class is not one of the six main classes of nutrients?
    Fiber
  • What does a plant gain from having more than one pigment?
    Having multiple pigments allows a plant to absorb a broader spectrum of light, enhancing photosynthesis.
  • Which gene is responsible for producing the protein that converts lactose to allolactose?
    The lacZ gene in the lac operon is responsible for producing β-galactosidase, which converts lactose to allolactose.
  • What is the function of Taq polymerase?
    Taq polymerase is used in PCR to amplify DNA sequences, as it is stable at high temperatures.
  • Which type of organic compound is the major component of a plant cell wall?
    Cellulose, a carbohydrate, is the major component of a plant cell wall.
  • What is a key difference between viruses and bacteria regarding their living status and reproduction?
    Viruses are non-living entities that require a host cell to replicate, while bacteria are living organisms that can reproduce independently.
  • What type of molecules are the A and B antigens?
    Carbohydrates
  • What are endotoxins and what is their biological significance?
    Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that can cause strong immune responses.
  • Why is carbon essential to life?
    Carbon's ability to form stable covalent bonds with many elements, including itself, allows for the diversity of organic molecules essential for life.
  • Which molecule among hemoglobin, insulin, amylase, and collagen is an enzyme?
    Amylase
  • To which structure do tetracyclines bind?
    b) Ribosomes
  • What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean?
    Hydrophobic means 'water-repelling,' while hydrophilic means 'water-attracting.'
  • Why are photosynthetic organisms green?
    Photosynthetic organisms are green because chlorophyll reflects green light.
  • What is the defining element found in organic compounds?
    Carbon is the defining element found in organic compounds.
  • What goal does taxonomy accomplish?
    Taxonomy classifies and names organisms, organizing them into a hierarchical structure based on evolutionary relationships.
  • How did Robert Whittaker change classification?
    Robert Whittaker proposed a five-kingdom classification system, separating organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
  • What is one of the basic tastes to which the tongue responds?
    a) Sweet
  • Which of the following is an organic compound: water, glucose, sodium chloride, or carbon dioxide?
    b) Glucose
  • What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
    Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane, while gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.
  • What causes the dark coloration of the moths?
    The dark coloration of moths is caused by a genetic mutation that provides camouflage in polluted environments.
  • How do fungi obtain nutrition?
    Fungi obtain nutrition by absorbing organic matter from their environment, often through the secretion of digestive enzymes.
  • Which macromolecule does not provide energy? a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Nucleic acids d) Fats
    c) Nucleic acids
  • Why are some organisms called producers?
    Organisms are called producers because they can synthesize their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
  • What is an accurate characteristic of bacterial cell walls?
    Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan, providing structural support and shape.
  • What is a stack of thylakoids called?
    A stack of thylakoids is called a granum.
  • Why do fungal cell walls make a good target for some antifungals?
    Fungal cell walls contain chitin, which is not found in human cells, making it a good target for antifungals.
  • Which molecule among water, carbon dioxide, methane, and sodium chloride is regarded as an organic molecule?
    c) Methane
  • Members of which phylum produce a club-shaped structure that contains spores?
    Members of the phylum Basidiomycota produce a club-shaped structure called a basidium that contains spores.
  • What is the hyperchromic effect?
    The hyperchromic effect is the increase in UV absorbance of DNA as it denatures and the strands separate.
  • Which of these is the most diverse group of plants? a) Bryophytes b) Ferns c) Gymnosperms d) Angiosperms
    d) Angiosperms
  • Which plant characteristic is not found in green algae?
    c) Vascular tissue
  • What is a true statement about dietary fiber?
    It helps regulate blood sugar levels.
  • Which component is not found in a virus?
    Ribosome
  • What are enhancers in genetics?
    They are DNA sequences that increase transcription.
  • Which statement correctly describes a methyl functional group?
    A methyl group is a functional group consisting of one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms (–CH3).