Biomaterials: The Intersection of Biology and Materials Science, 1st edition

Chapter 1: Materials for Biomedical Applications 1-1

1.1. Introduction to biomaterials 1-2

1.2. Biological response to biomaterials 1-8

1.3. Biomaterial product testing and FDA approval 1-10

1.4. Types of biomaterials 1-11

1.5. Processing of biomaterials 1-15

1.6. Important properties of biomaterials 1-16

1.7. Principles of chemistry 1-21

1.8. Summary 1-35

1.9. Problems 1-37

1.10. Tables 1-39

1.11. Figures 1-44

1.12. References 1-70

1.13. Additional reading 1-72

Chapter 2: Chemical Structure of Biomaterials 2-1

2.1. Introduction: Bonding and the structure of biomaterials 2-2

2.2. Structure of Metals 2-2

2.3. Structure of Ceramics 2-18

2.4. Structure of polymers 2-24

2.5. Techniques: Introduction to material characterization 2-41

2.6. Summary 2-62

2.7. Problems 2-64

2.8. Tables 2-69

2.9. Figures 2-79

2.10. References 2-148

2.11. Additional reading 2-149

Chapter 3: Physical Properties of Biomaterials 3-1

3.1. Introduction: From atomic groupings to bulk materials 3-2

3.2. Crystallinity and linear defects 3-2

3.3. Crystallinity and planar defects 3-8

3.4. Crystallinity and volume defects 3-12

3.5. Crystallinity and polymeric materials 3-13

3.6. Thermal transitions of crystalline and non-crystalline materials 3-18

3.7. Techniques: Introduction to Thermal Analysis 3-26

3.8. Summary 3-30

3.9. Problems 3-32

3.10. Tables 3-35

3.11. Figures 3-38

3.12. References 3-63

3.13. Additional reading 3-64

Chapter 4: Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials 4-1

4.1. Introduction: Modes of mechanical testing 4-3

4.2. Mechanical testing methods, results and calculations 4-3

4.3. Fracture and failure 4-40

4.4. Fatigue and fatigue testing 4-43

4.5. Methods to improve mechanical properties 4-46

4.6. Techniques: Introduction to Mechanical Analysis 4-49

4.7. Summary 4-51

4.8. Problems 4-54

4.9. Figures 4-58

4.10. References 4-101

4.11. Additional reading 4-101

Chapter 5: Biomaterial Degradation 5-1

5.1. Introduction: Degradation in the biological environment 5-2

5.2. Corrosion/degradation of metals and ceramics 5-3

5.3. Degradation of polymers 5-18

5.4. Biodegradable materials 5-22

5.5. Techniques: Assays for extent of degradation 5-29

5.6. Summary 5-30

5.7. Problems 5-32

5.8. Tables 5-37

5.9. Figures 5-40

5.10. References 5-54

5.11. Additional reading 5-55

Chapter 6: Biomaterial Processing 6-1

6.1. Introduction: Importance of biomaterials processing 6-2

6.2. Processing to improve bulk properties 6-2

6.3. Processing to form desired shapes 6-12

6.4. Processing to improve biocompatibility 6-26

6.5. Summary 6-30

6.6. Problems 6-32

6.7. Tables 6-34

6.8. Figures 6-35

6.9. References 6-54

6.10. Additional reading 6-55

Chapter 7: Surface Properties of Biomaterials 7-1

7.1. Introduction: Concepts in surface chemistry and biology 7-2

7.2. Physicochemical surface modification techniques 7-6

7.3. Biological surface modification techniques 7-20

7.4. Surface properties and degradation 7-25

7.5. Patterning techniques for surfaces 7-25

7.6. Techniques: Introduction to surface characterization 7-27

7.7. Summary 7-46

7.8. Problems 7-48

7.9. Tables 7-53

7.10. Figures 7-58

7.11. References 7-107

7.12. Additional reading 7-109

Chapter 8: Protein Interactions with Biomaterials 8-1

8.1. Introduction: Thermodynamics of protein adsorption 8-2

8.2. Protein structure 8-7

8.3. Protein transport and adsorption kinetics 8-15

8.4. Reversibility of protein adsorption 8-18

8.5. Techniques: Assays for protein type and amount 8-22

8.6. Summary 8-33

8.7. Problems 8-35

8.8. Tables 8-39

8.9. Figures 8-42

8.10. References 8-74

8.11. Additional reading 8-75

Chapter 9: Cell Interactions with Biomaterials 9-1

9.1. Introduction: Cell-surface interactions and cellular functions 9-2

9.2. Cellular structure 9-3

9.3. Extracellular environment 9-14

9.4. Cell-environment interactions affect cellular functions 9-23

9.5. Models of adhesion, spreading and migration 9-34

9.6. Techniques: Assays to determine effects of cell-material interactions 9-43

9.7. Summary 9-53

9.8. Problems 9-57

9.9. Tables 9-61

9.10. Figures 9-62

9.11. References 9-113

9.12. Additional reading 9-115

Chapter 10: Biomaterial Implantation and Acute Inflammation 10-1

10.1. Introduction: Overview of innate and acquired immunity 10-2

10.2. Clinical signs of inflammation and their causes 10-5

10.4. Role of other granulocytes 10-11

10.5. Termination of acute inflammation 10-16

10.6. Techniques: In vitro assays for inflammatory response 10-17

10.7. Summary 10-20

10.8. Problems 10-22

10.9. Tables 10-24

10.10. Figures 10-27

10.11. References 10-34

10.12. Additional reading 10-34

Chapter 11: Wound Healing and the Presence of Biomaterials 11-1

11.1. Introduction: Formation of granulation tissue 11-2

11.2. Foreign body reaction 11-3

11.3. Fibrous encapsulation 11-4

11.4. Chronic inflammation 11-7

11.5. Four types of resolution 11-8

11.6. Repair vs. regeneration: wound healing in skin 11-9

11.7. Techniques: In vivo assays for inflammatory response 11-12

11.8. Summary 11-20

11.9. Problems 11-22

11.10. Tables 11-25

11.11. Figures 11-28

11.12. References 11-36

11.13. Additional reading 11-37

Chapter 12: Immune Response to Biomaterials 12-1

12.1. Introduction: Overview of acquired immunity 12-2

12.2. Antigen presentation and lymphocyte maturation 12-4

12.3. B cells and antibodies 12-8

12.4. T cells 12-12

12.5. The complement system 12-14

12.6. Undesired immune responses to biomaterials 12-19

12.7. Techniques: Assays for immune response 12-25

12.8. Summary 12-28

12.9. Problems 12-32

12.10. Tables 12-34

12.11. Figures 12-35

12.12. References 12-51

12.13. Additional reading 12-51

Chapter 13: Biomaterials and Thrombosis 13-1

13.1. Introduction: Overview of hemostasis 13-2

13.2. Role of platelets 13-2

13.3. Coagulation cascade 13-5

13.4. Means of limiting clot formation 13-9

13.5. Role of endothelium 13-11

13.6. Tests for hemocompatibility 13-13

13.7. Summary 13-18

13.8. Problems 13-20

13.9. Tables 13-25

13.10. Figures 13-27

13.11. References 13-32

13.12. Additional reading 13-33

Chapter 14: Infection, Tumorigenesis and Calcification of Biomaterials 14-1

14.1. Introduction: Overview of other potential problems with biomaterials implantation 14-2

14.2. Infection 14-2

14.3. Techniques for infection experiments 14-10

14.4. Tumorigenesis 14-16

14.5. Techniques for tumorigenesis experiments 14-21

14.6. Pathologic calcification 14-23

14.7. Techniques for pathologic calcification experiments 14-26

14.8. Summary 14-30

14.9. Problems 14-33

14.10. Figures 14-36

14.11. References 14-45

14.12. Additional reading 14-46

List of Abbreviations Appendix I-1

List of Symbols Appendix I-6

Index Index