Discuss the factors that control the division of eukaryotic cells grown in the laboratory. Cancer cells are easier to grow in the lab than other cells.
Why do you suppose this is?

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the cell cycle: Eukaryotic cell division is controlled by the cell cycle, which consists of interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase (M). The cell cycle is regulated by checkpoints that ensure proper growth, DNA replication, and division.
2. Identify key regulators: Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle. These molecules ensure that cells only divide when conditions are favorable, such as sufficient nutrients and proper DNA integrity.
3. Consider external factors: In laboratory conditions, eukaryotic cells require specific growth factors, nutrients, and environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, pH) to divide. These factors mimic the signals cells receive in their natural environment to promote division.
4. Understand cancer cell behavior: Cancer cells often bypass normal regulatory mechanisms, such as cell cycle checkpoints, due to mutations in genes like p53 or RB. This allows them to divide uncontrollably, even under suboptimal conditions, making them easier to grow in the lab compared to normal cells.
5. Relate to laboratory conditions: Cancer cells are less dependent on external growth factors and are more resistant to stress, which makes them more adaptable to laboratory environments. Their ability to proliferate without strict regulation is a key reason they are easier to culture.

Key Concepts

Cell Cycle Regulation

The cell cycle is a series of phases that eukaryotic cells go through to divide and replicate. Regulation of this cycle is crucial, involving checkpoints that ensure proper progression and prevent uncontrolled division. Factors such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play significant roles in this regulation, and disruptions can lead to cancerous growth.

Growth Factors

Growth factors are proteins that stimulate cell division and survival. In laboratory settings, the presence or absence of specific growth factors can significantly influence the proliferation of eukaryotic cells. Cancer cells often have altered signaling pathways that allow them to bypass the need for these factors, making them easier to culture compared to normal cells.

Cellular Senescence

Cellular senescence is a state where cells cease to divide and enter a permanent growth arrest, often as a response to stress or damage. Normal somatic cells have a limited number of divisions due to telomere shortening, while cancer cells can evade senescence through mechanisms like telomerase activation, allowing them to proliferate indefinitely in laboratory conditions.