Draw the ground-state electronic configuration for each of the following:
b. Ca²⁺

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Identify the atomic number of calcium (Ca), which is 20. This means a neutral calcium atom has 20 protons and 20 electrons.

Write the ground-state electronic configuration for a neutral calcium atom. The configuration is determined by filling orbitals in order of increasing energy: 1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p⁶, 4s². Thus, the configuration for neutral calcium is:

{1s}^{2} {2s}^{2} {2p}^{6} {3s}^{2} {3p}^{6} {4s}^{2}

Recognize that Ca²⁺ is a calcium ion with a 2+ charge, meaning it has lost 2 electrons compared to the neutral atom.

Remove the two outermost electrons from the 4s orbital, as these are the highest-energy electrons. This leaves the configuration:

{1s}^{2} {2s}^{2} {2p}^{6} {3s}^{2} {3p}^{6}

Verify that the resulting configuration corresponds to a stable, noble gas configuration (argon, Ar), which is expected for Ca²⁺.

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Electron Configuration

Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals. It is represented using a notation that indicates the energy levels and sublevels occupied by electrons. For example, the electron configuration of a neutral calcium atom (Ca) is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s², which shows how electrons fill the available orbitals according to the Aufbau principle.

Ion Formation

Ion formation occurs when an atom gains or loses electrons, resulting in a charged particle. In the case of Ca²⁺, calcium loses two electrons from its outermost shell, leading to a positive charge. Understanding how ions are formed is crucial for determining the electron configuration of ions compared to their neutral atoms.

Ground-State Configuration

The ground-state configuration refers to the lowest energy arrangement of electrons in an atom or ion. For Ca²⁺, the ground-state configuration is derived from the neutral calcium configuration by removing the two outermost electrons. This results in a configuration of 1s² 2s² 2p⁶, which corresponds to the electron arrangement of the noble gas argon.

Draw the ground-state electronic configuration for each of the following: b. Ca2+