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Problem 14.9a
When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesins, they typically .
a. become avirulent
b. produce endotoxin
c. absorb endotoxin
d. increase in virulence
Problem 14.9a
An animal that carries a pathogen and also serves as host for the pathogen is a ___________ vector.
Problem 14.9a
Contrast the terms infection and morbidity.
Problem 19.10
In which of the following diseases would a patient experience a pseudomembrane covering the tonsils, pharynx, and larynx?
a. Tuberculoid leprosy
b. Diphtheria
c. Arrhythmia
d. Tetanus
Problem 19.1
For each of the following diseases or conditions, indicate the genus (or genera) of bacterium that causes it.
___ Scalded skin syndrome
___ Osteomyelitis
___ Pharyngitis
___ Scarlet fever
___ Pyoderma
___ Rheumatic fever
___ Glomerulonephritis
___ Sinusitis
___ Otitis media
___ Anthrax
___ Myonecrosis
___ Diphtheria
___ Leprosy
___ Dental caries
___ Acne
A. Staphylococcus
B. Streptococcus
C. Mycobacterium
D. Listeria
E. Propionibacterium
F. Corynebacterium
G. Bacillus
H. Clostridium
I. Actinomyces
Problem 19.10a
Explain the action of the toxin of Clostridium tetani.
Problem 19.1a
Match the genera of pathogens to their appearance in stained smears: Actinomyces, Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus.
(a) Methenamine silver <IMAGE>
(b) Gram <IMAGE>
(c) Gram <IMAGE>
(d) Acid fast <IMAGE>
(e) Gram <IMAGE>
(f) Gram <IMAGE>
Problem 19.11
Which of the following is not characteristic of mycoplasmas?
a. Cytochromes
b. Sterols in cytoplasmic membranes
c. Use of UGA codon for tryptophan
d. rRNA nucleotide sequences similar to those of Gram-positive bacteria
Problem 19.11a
Why is mycolic acid a virulence factor for mycobacteria?
Problem 19.12a
Compare and contrast mycoplasmas and viruses.
Problem 19.2a
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare was considered relatively harmless until the late 20th century, when it became common in certain infections. Explain how this bacterium’s pathogenicity changed.
Problem 19.3
Which of the following conditions is a systemic disease caused by Staphylococcus?
a. impetigo
b. folliculitis
c. carbuncle
d. toxic shock syndrome
Problem 19.3a
Contrast tuberculoid leprosy with lepromatous leprosy in terms of pathogenesis. How does the cellular immune response of a patient affect the form of the disease?
Problem 19.4
A bacterium associated with bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia in newborns is
a. Staphylococcus aureus
b. Staphylococcus epidermidis
c. Streptococcus pyogenes
d. Streptococcus agalactiae
Problem 19.4a
Explain how mice are used in the diagnosis of botulism poisoning.
Problem 19.5
Which type of anthrax is more common in animals and in humans?
a. Cutaneous anthrax
b. Inhalation anthrax
c. Gastrointestinal anthrax
d. Mucoid anthrax
Problem 19.5a
Why do pediatricians recommend that children under one year never be fed honey?
Problem 19.7
Pathogenic strains that have become resistant to antimicrobial drugs are found in which of the following genera?
a. Staphylococcus
b. Mycobacterium
c. Enterococcus
d. all of the above
Problem 19.7a
Explain the different actions of pyogenic and pyrogenic toxins.
Problem 19.8
The bacterium causing pseudomembranous colitis is
a. Clostridium difficile
b. Streptococcus pyogenes
c. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
d. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Problem 19.8a
Explain why Staphylococcus epidermidis is rarely pathogenic while the similar S. aureus is more commonly virulent.
Problem 19.9a
Why did epidemiologists immediately suspect terrorism in the cases of anthrax in the fall of 2001?
Problem 20.10a
Which bacterium causes infections in many burn victims?
a. Moraxella catarrhalis
b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
c. Escherichia coli
d. Bartonella bacilliformis
Problem 20.1a
Match each bacterium with the disease or manifestations it causes.
1. _____ Escherichia coli
2. _____ Klebsiella pneumoniae
3. _____ Proteus mirabilis
4. _____ Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi
5. _____ Shigella flexneri
6. _____ Yersinia pestis
A. Bubonic plague
B. Typhoid fever
C. Gastroenteritis
D. Kidney stones
E. Pus-filled, bloody stools; cramps; fever; and diarrhea
F. Pneumonia
Problem 20.1a
Label the following drawing using these words: adhesin, exotoxin, H antigens, hemolysin, iron-binding protein, K antigens, outer membrane (with common antigen, lipid A, and O antigen), fimbria, plasmid virulence genes, type III secretion system.
Problem 20.1a
A physician prescribes fluid replacement to treat a patient with diarrhea. Although tests showed that a pathogenic enteric bacterium was the cause of the intestinal distress, an antimicrobial drug was not prescribed; why not?
Problem 20.11a
Which of the following statements is true of Q fever?
a. For many years its cause was questionable.
b. It was first described in 1976 during an outbreak in Quincy, Massachusetts.
c. Researchers found it could be effectively treated with quinine.
d. The sharp spikes of fever on patients' temperature charts resemble porcupine quills.
Problem 20.12a
Which of the following is a bile-tolerant anaerobe?
a. Bacteroides
b. Escherichia
c. Shigella
d. Prevotella
Problem 20.2a
Shown is a MacConkey agar plate. Describe the Gram reaction and lactose fermentation of the two different bacteria shown.
Problem 20.2a
Distinguish among the pathogenicity of coliforms, noncoliforms, and truly pathogenic enteric bacteria.