What stereoisomers do the following reactions form?
c.
d.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Analyze the first reaction: The alcohol reacts with HCl under heat. This is a substitution reaction where the hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced by a chlorine atom (-Cl). The reaction proceeds via a carbocation intermediate, which can lead to rearrangements and the formation of stereoisomers depending on the stability of the carbocation.
2. Step 1 for reaction c: The hydroxyl group is protonated by HCl, forming water as a leaving group. This generates a carbocation intermediate. The carbocation is tertiary, which is stable and does not undergo rearrangement.
3. Step 2 for reaction c: The chloride ion (Cl⁻) attacks the carbocation, leading to the formation of the product. Since the carbocation is planar, the attack can occur from either side, resulting in a racemic mixture of stereoisomers (R and S configurations).
4. Analyze the second reaction: The alcohol reacts with PCl₃ in the presence of pyridine. This is a substitution reaction where the hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced by a chlorine atom (-Cl). The reaction proceeds via an SN2 mechanism, which involves a backside attack and inversion of configuration.
5. Step 1 for reaction d: The hydroxyl group is activated by PCl₃, forming a good leaving group (phosphoryl intermediate). Pyridine acts as a base to facilitate the reaction. The chloride ion (Cl⁻) performs a backside attack, leading to the inversion of configuration at the stereocenter. The product will have the opposite stereochemistry compared to the starting material.

Key Concepts

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism refers to the phenomenon where compounds have the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement of those atoms. This can lead to different physical and chemical properties. The two main types of stereoisomers are enantiomers, which are non-superimposable mirror images, and diastereomers, which are not mirror images of each other.

Reaction Mechanisms

Understanding reaction mechanisms is crucial for predicting the products of chemical reactions, including stereoisomers. A reaction mechanism outlines the step-by-step process by which reactants transform into products, detailing the formation and breaking of bonds. Key factors in these mechanisms include the type of reaction (e.g., substitution, elimination) and the stereochemical outcomes based on the orientation of reactants.

Chirality

Chirality is a property of a molecule that makes it non-superimposable on its mirror image, much like left and right hands. Chiral centers, typically carbon atoms bonded to four different substituents, are crucial in determining the stereochemistry of a compound. The presence of chirality in a reaction can lead to the formation of enantiomers, which can have significantly different biological activities.