Textbook Question
Assume that identical hydrometers are placed in ethanol (sp gr 0.7893) and in chloroform (sp gr 1.4832). In which liquid will the hydrometer float higher? Explain.
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Ch.1 Matter and Measurements
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of GOBISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
Chapter 1, Problem 38
Name two changes of state and describe what causes each to occur.
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the first change of state: Melting. Melting occurs when a solid changes into a liquid. This happens when the solid absorbs heat energy, causing the particles to vibrate more vigorously until they overcome the forces holding them in a fixed position. The temperature at which this occurs is called the melting point.
Identify the second change of state: Condensation. Condensation occurs when a gas changes into a liquid. This happens when the gas loses heat energy, causing the particles to slow down and come closer together, forming intermolecular attractions. This typically occurs at the dew point or when the gas comes into contact with a cooler surface.
Explain the role of energy in these changes: In melting, energy is absorbed by the substance, which increases the kinetic energy of the particles. In condensation, energy is released by the substance, which decreases the kinetic energy of the particles.
Discuss the importance of temperature: For melting, the temperature must reach the melting point of the substance. For condensation, the temperature must drop to or below the dew point for the gas to transition into a liquid.
Summarize the processes: Melting is an endothermic process (absorbs heat), while condensation is an exothermic process (releases heat). Both involve changes in the energy and arrangement of particles, leading to a change in the state of matter.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Melting
Melting is the process where a solid turns into a liquid when it absorbs heat. This occurs because the added thermal energy increases the kinetic energy of the particles in the solid, causing them to vibrate more vigorously until they overcome the forces holding them in a fixed position, resulting in a liquid state.
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Condensation
Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid, typically occurring when the gas cools down. As the temperature drops, the kinetic energy of the gas particles decreases, allowing intermolecular forces to pull the particles closer together, forming liquid droplets, as seen in dew formation on grass.
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Evaporation
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid turns into a gas, occurring at the surface of the liquid when molecules gain enough energy to break free from the liquid's surface. This can happen at any temperature, but is accelerated by factors such as increased temperature, surface area, and decreased atmospheric pressure.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
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Textbook Question
Name and describe the three states of matter.
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Textbook Question
Butane (C4H8) is an easily compressible gas used in cigarette lighters. It has a melting point of and a boiling point of -138.4 °C and a boiling point of -0.5 °C. Would you expect a butane lighter to work in winter when the temperature outdoors is 25 °F? Why or why not?
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Textbook Question
Which of these terms, (i) mixture, (ii) solid, (iii) liquid, (iv) gas, (v) chemical element, (vi) chemical compound, applies to the following substances at room temperature?
a. Gasoline
b. Iodine
c. Water
d. Air
e. Blood
f. Sodium bicarbonate
g. Gaseous ammonia
h. Silicon
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Textbook Question
Hydrogen peroxide, often used in solutions to cleanse cuts and scrapes, breaks down to yield water and oxygen: Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq) → Hydrogen, H2(g) + Oxygen, O2(g)
b. Which of the substances are chemical compounds, and which are elements?
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