______ ELISA has basically replaced immunoblotting.

To obtain immediate immunity against tetanus, a patient should receive:

a. An attenuated vaccine of Clostridium tetani

b. A modified live vaccine of C. tetani

c. Tetanus toxoid

d. Immunoglobulin against tetanus toxin (antitoxin)

Which of the following vaccine types is commonly given with an adjuvant?

a. Attenuated vaccine

b. Modified live vaccine

c. Chemically killed vaccine

d. Immunoglobulin

Which of the following viruses was widely used in living vaccines?

a. Coronavirus

b. Poliovirus

c. Influenzavirus

d. Retrovirus

_______ Passive immunotherapy provides more prolonged immunity than active immunization.

Which of the following is a good test to detect rabies virus in the brain of a dog?

a. Agglutination

b. Hemagglutination inhibition

c. Virus neutralization

d. Direct fluorescent antibody

Attenuation is __________:

a. The process of reducing virulence

b. A necessary step in vaccine manufacture

c. A form of variolation

d. Similar to an adjuvant

An antiserum is __________:

a. An anti-antibody

b. An inactivated vaccine

c. Formed of monoclonal antibodies

d. The liquid portion of blood used for immunization

Monoclonal antibodies:

a. Are produced by hybridomas

b. Are secreted by clone cells

c. Can be used for passive immunization

d. All of the above

The study of antibody-antigen interaction in the blood is:

a. Attenuation

b. Agglutination

c. Precipitation

d. Serology

Anti–human antibody antibodies are:

a. Found in immunocompromised individuals

b. Used in direct fluorescent immunoassays

c. Formed by animals reacting to human immunoglobulins

d. An alternative method in ELISA

What are the advantages and disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of passive immunotherapy and active immunization.

How does precipitation differ from agglutination?

Explain how a pregnancy test works at the molecular level.

_______ It is standard to attenuate killed virus vaccines.

______ One single serological test is inadequate for an accurate diagnosis of HIV infection.

______ELISA is very easily automated.

In the blank before each description, write the letter of the matching term. Some choices may be used more than once.

1._____ Induces rapid onset of immunity

2._____Induces mainly an antibody response

3. _____Induces good cell-mediated immunity

4. _____Increases antigenicity

5. _____Uses antigen fragments

6. _____Uses attenuated microbes

A. Attenuated viral vaccine

B. Adjuvant

C. Subunit vaccine

D. Immunoglobulin

E. Residual virulence

Identify the chemicals represented by this artist’s conception of an antibody sandwich ELISA.

The two columns on the left show negative and positive immunoblot results for a particular pathogen. The numbered columns are blots of samples from 11 patients. Which patients are most likely uninfected?

Compare and contrast the Chinese practice of variolation with Jenner’s vaccination procedure.

Infection with HIV causes __________.

a. Primary immunodeficiency disease

b. Acquired hypersensitivity syndrome

c. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

d. Anaphylactic immunodeficiency diseases

e. Combined immunodeficiency diseases

Which of the following bacteria causes a common type of food poisoning?

a. Streptococcus sanguis

b. Clostridium tetani

c. Staphylococcus aureus

d. Streptococcus pyogenes

How does Staphylococcus aureus affect the matrix between cells in the human body?

a. S. aureus triggers blood clotting, which coats the matrix and inhibits cellular

communication.

b. S. aureus produces an enzyme that dissolves hyaluronic acid and thus enables it to pass between the cells.

c. S. aureus possesses a hyaluronic acid capsule that causes leukocytes to ignore the bacterium as if it were camouflaged.

d. S. aureus does not affect the matrix but instead produces a necrotizing agent that dissolves body cells.

Why have scientists had problems identifying the virulence factors of Treponema pallidum pallidum?