教室を超えた成功の構築:批判的思考と評価

Christina Cavage
子供たちのグループは、先生と一緒にテーブルに立って、彼女が紙に何かを書き留めるのを見ていました
所要時間: 4分間

批判的思考と評価に関連する一般的な神話がいくつかあります。多くの人は、特に言語が限られているクラスでは、批判的思考を評価することは不可能だと考えています。しかし、それは可能です!ここで成功の鍵となるのは、言語スキルと認知スキルを分離できるタスクとルーブリックを作成することです。結局のところ、言語レベルが低いからといって、必ずしも生徒の批判的思考能力を反映しているわけではありません。

では、生徒が何を知っているかだけでなく、 どのように知っているか を測定するにはどうすればよいでしょうか。

批判的思考を測定する方法

まず、公式評価と非公式評価の2種類の評価を検討する必要があります。正式な評価は、タスク、レッスン、またはスキル構築活動の終了時に行われる傾向があり、通常は生徒が作成した作業に焦点を当てます。その後、非公式の評価を行います。これらは、その場でのやり取りを含む評価です。これらのタイプの評価は、批判的思考を測定する上で重要な役割を果たします。

批判的思考を教え、評価するためのヒント
再生
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正式な評価

評価は、生徒が生み出す最終的な作品にのみ焦点を当てるべきであるという誤解がよくあります。最終的な「製品」は紛れもなく重要であり、多くの場合、言語能力の理想的な尺度です。しかし、最終的な作品を作成するプロセスでは、生徒の批判的思考スキルが実際に発揮されているのを見ることができます。

言語的思考と批判的思考の両方を測定するルーブリックを設計する際には、言語的思考と批判的思考のどちらか一方だけに焦点を絞るようにしましょう。これらの異なるスキルを念頭に置くことで、言語スキルと批判的思考スキルを区別し、正式な評価に関してはそれらを別々に評価することができます。

言語スキルを測定するときは、ブルームの初期または基本的な認知領域をモデルとして使用します。

これらの項目を測定すると、実際には言語スキルを測定していることになります。たとえば、読書活動では、次のような質問をすることがあります。

  • 誰についての話ですか?
  • 物語の舞台はどこで?
  • ストーリーの主なアイデアは何ですか?

彼らは全体的な組織と主要な語彙を理解できますか?これらのタイプの質問は、学生の言語能力を評価します。

そして、批判的思考に関しては、ブルームの認知領域のより高度なレベルが有用なガイドを提供します。

これらのタイプの質問は、学生のメタ認知または批判的思考を評価します。

  • ストーリーにとって最も重要なキャラクターは誰ですか?
  • なぜでしょうか。
  • キャラクターの行動に同意しますか、それとも同意しませんか?
  • なぜですか、なぜそうでないのですか?

評価における言語と批判的思考の明確な分離は、各学生の両方のスキルの進歩を測定するのに役立ちます。

非公式の評価

これらの非公式の評価はどうですか?その場での評価では、批判的思考と言語スキルを明確に描写するのが難しい場合があります。

たとえば、グループワークを割り当てている場合は、学生同士のやり取りのチェックリストを保管することを検討してください。チェックリストの項目には、次のようなものがあります。

  • 誰が推論したのか?
  • 他の学生のアイデアの理由を提供したのは誰ですか?
  • 誰が比較したのか?
  • 誰が結論を出したのか?

また、生徒にチェックリストを保管してもらい、これらの質問を電子掲示板に投稿するように依頼することもできます。自己評価と同様に、これらのピアツーピア評価は、生徒に反省と気づきを促すことができます。

ルーブリックは、非公式の評価にも役立ちます。例えば、学生にエッセイの準備や執筆を依頼したとします。批判的思考を測定するために、各学生がエッセイに取り組んでいるときのアイデア出しプロセスを見ることができます。

  • 学生は考えられるすべてのトピックを見ていますか?
  • 学生が選択したオプションを選択する要因は何ですか?
  • 彼らは他のアイデアを認識していますか?

これらの質問に対する答えは、生徒が批判的に考えているかどうかを教えてくれます。

他のスキルと同様に、批判的思考の評価は公式にも非公式にも行う必要があります。プロセスと最終製品の両方を考慮する必要があります。そして、その際、言語スキルとメタ認知を区別するルーブリックを慎重に設計する必要があります。

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