All of the following characterize the ANS except

a. A two-neuron efferent chain

b. Presence of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

c. Presence of neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

d. Innervation of skeletal muscles

Relate each of the following terms or phrases to either the sympathetic (S) or parasympathetic (P) division of the autonomic nervous system: 

______ (1) Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers 

______ (2) Intramural ganglia 

______ (3) Craniosacral part 

______ (4) Adrenergic fibers 

______ (5) Cervical ganglia 

______ (6) Otic and ciliary ganglia

Relate each of the following terms or phrases to either the sympathetic (S) or parasympathetic (P) division of the autonomic nervous system: 

______ (7) Generally short-duration action 

______ (8) Increases heart rate and blood pressure 

______ (9) Increases gastric motility and secretion of lacrimal, salivary, and digestive juices 

______ (10) Innervates blood vessels 

______ (11) Most active when you are relaxing in a hammock 

______ (12) Active when you are running in the Boston Marathon

The white rami communicantes contain what kind of fibers?

a. Preganglionic parasympathetic

b. Postganglionic parasympathetic

c. Preganglionic sympathetic

d. Postganglionic sympathetic

Collateral sympathetic ganglia are involved with innervating

a. abdominal organs

b. thoracic organs

c. head

d. arrector pili

e. all of these

Which ANS fibers release acetylcholine? Which release norepinephrine?

Where are the cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons?

Briefly explain why the following terms are sometimes used to refer to the autonomic nervous system: involuntary nervous system and emotional-visceral system.

Describe the anatomical relationship of the white and gray rami communicantes to the spinal nerve, and indicate the kind of fibers found in each ramus type.

Indicate the results of sympathetic activation of the following structures: sweat glands, eye pupils, adrenal medullae, heart, bronchioles of the lungs, liver, blood vessels of vigorously working skeletal muscles, blood vessels of digestive viscera, salivary glands.

Which of the effects listed in response to question 9 would be reversed by parasympathetic activity?

Describe the meaning and importance of sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone.

Describe the importance of the hypothalamus in controlling the autonomic nervous system.

Tiffany, a 21-year-old college student, is having trouble sleeping, cries frequently, and has recurrent thoughts of suicide. An antidepressant is prescribed. Like many such drugs, this antidepressant has anticholinergic side effects. What side effects might Tiffany experience in the first week of treatment?

As the aroma of freshly brewed coffee drifted by dozing Henry's nose, his mouth started to water and his stomach began to rumble. Explain his reactions in terms of ANS activity.

Mr. Johnson suffers from urinary retention and a hypoactive urinary bladder. Bethanechol, a drug that mimics acetylcholine's autonomic effects, is prescribed to manage his problem. First explain the rationale for prescribing bethanechol, and then predict which of the following adverse effects Mr. Johnson might experience while taking this drug (select all that apply): dizziness, low blood pressure, deficient tear formation, wheezing, increased mucus production in bronchi, deficient salivation, diarrhea, cramping, excessive sweating, undesirable erection of penis.

A 32-year-old woman complains of intermittent aching pains in the medial two fingers of both hands. During such episodes, the fingers become blanched and then blue. Her history is taken, and it is noted that she is a heavy smoker. The physician advises her that she must stop smoking and states that she will not prescribe any medication until the patient has discontinued smoking for a month. What is this patient's condition, and why was she told to stop smoking?

A reflex that causes reciprocal activation of the antagonist muscle is the

a. Crossed-extensor

b. Flexor

c. Tendon

d. Muscle stretch