Complete each hydrogenation reaction. c.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the type of reaction: Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen (H₂) to a molecule, typically involving alkenes or alkynes, converting them into alkanes.
2. Determine the structure of the starting material: Look at the given reactant to identify any double or triple bonds that can undergo hydrogenation.
3. Add hydrogen atoms: For each double bond in the reactant, add one molecule of H₂, which will convert the double bond into a single bond. For each triple bond, add two molecules of H₂ to convert it into a single bond.
4. Draw the product: Replace the double or triple bonds in the reactant with single bonds and add the appropriate number of hydrogen atoms to each carbon atom involved in the original multiple bond.
5. Verify the product: Ensure that the resulting molecule is fully saturated, meaning all carbon atoms have single bonds only, and the correct number of hydrogen atoms have been added.

Key Concepts

Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen (H2) to an unsaturated compound, typically an alkene or alkyne, converting it into a saturated compound. This process is commonly used in organic chemistry to reduce double or triple bonds, resulting in alkanes. Catalysts, such as palladium, platinum, or nickel, are often employed to facilitate the reaction.

Reaction Mechanism

The reaction mechanism describes the step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs. Understanding the mechanism of hydrogenation is crucial, as it involves the formation of intermediates and the role of catalysts. This knowledge helps predict the products and the conditions required for the reaction to proceed efficiently.

Saturation and Unsaturation

In organic chemistry, saturation refers to the presence of single bonds between carbon atoms in a molecule, while unsaturation indicates the presence of double or triple bonds. Saturated compounds, such as alkanes, are generally more stable and less reactive than unsaturated compounds, like alkenes and alkynes. Recognizing the degree of saturation is essential for predicting the outcomes of hydrogenation reactions.