Textbook Question
Identify the participants in the citric acid cycle that contain alcohol groups. Identify these groups as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols.
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Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of GOBISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
Chapter 21, Problem 21a
Each of these reactions is involved in one of the four stages of metabolism shown in Figure 21.4. Identify the stage in which each reaction occurs.
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a. Hydrolysis of starch to produce glucose
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the four stages of metabolism: (1) Digestion, (2) Acetyl-CoA production, (3) Citric acid cycle, and (4) ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation. Each stage has specific processes and reactions associated with it.
Recognize that the hydrolysis of starch to produce glucose involves breaking down a large carbohydrate (starch) into smaller, simpler sugar molecules (glucose). This is a catabolic process.
Recall that digestion is the first stage of metabolism, where macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into their monomeric units (e.g., glucose, amino acids, fatty acids).
Identify that the hydrolysis of starch is a digestive process catalyzed by enzymes like amylase, which breaks the glycosidic bonds in starch to release glucose molecules.
Conclude that the hydrolysis of starch to produce glucose occurs during the first stage of metabolism, which is digestion.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Metabolism
Metabolism refers to the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. It is divided into two main categories: catabolism, which breaks down molecules to produce energy, and anabolism, which uses energy to construct components of cells. Understanding metabolism is crucial for identifying how different biochemical reactions contribute to energy production and utilization in living organisms.
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Metabolic Pathways Concept 2
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical process that involves the breaking down of a compound by reaction with water. In the context of metabolism, hydrolysis is essential for the digestion of complex carbohydrates, such as starch, into simpler sugars like glucose. This process is vital for energy production, as glucose serves as a primary energy source for cells.
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Stages of Metabolism
The four stages of metabolism include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fermentation. Each stage plays a specific role in the conversion of nutrients into energy. Identifying which reactions occur in each stage helps in understanding the overall metabolic pathways and how energy is extracted from food sources.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Which of the reactants in the citric acid cycle have two chiral carbon atoms?
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Textbook Question
The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the ETS. What is the final electron acceptor of the ETS? What is the function of the H+ ion in ATP synthesis?
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Textbook Question
Each of these reactions is involved in one of the four stages of metabolism shown in Figure 21.4. Identify the stage in which each reaction occurs.
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b. Oxidation of NADH coupled with synthesis of ATP
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Textbook Question
Each of these reactions is involved in one of the four stages of metabolism shown in Figure 21.4. Identify the stage in which each reaction occurs.
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c. Conversion of glucose to acetyl-CoA
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Textbook Question
For the first step in fatty acid catabolism, we say that ATP is used to “drive” the reaction that links the fatty acid with coenzyme-A. Without ATP hydrolysis, would you predict that the linking of fatty acid to coenzyme-A would be exergonic or endergonic? In fatty acid CoA synthesis, the hydrolysis of the ATP portion is based on what major strategy of metabolism?
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