What is the ATP energy yield associated with each of the following?

a. NADH → NAD⁺

What is the ATP energy yield associated with each of the following? 

c. 2 pyruvate → 2 acetyl CoA + 2CO₂

What is the ATP energy yield associated with each of the following?

a. FADH₂ → FAD

Caprylic acid, CH₃ ― (CH₂)₆ ― COOH, is a C₈ fatty acid found in milk.

a. State the number of β oxidation cycles for the complete oxidation of caprylic acid.

Lignoceric acid, CH₃ ― (CH₂)₂₂ ― COOH, is a C₂₄ fatty acid found in peanut oil in small amounts.

a. State the number of β oxidation cycles for the complete oxidation of lignoceric acid.

Consider the complete oxidation of oleic acid, CH₃ ― (CH₂)₇ ― CH = CH ― (CH₂)₇ ― COOH, which is a C₁₈ monounsaturated fatty acid.

a. How many cycles of β oxidation are needed?

Consider the complete oxidation of palmitoleic acid, CH₃ ― (CH₂)₅ ― CH = CH ― (CH₂)₇ ― COOH, which is a C₁₆ monounsaturated fatty acid found in animal and vegetable oils..

a. How many cycles of β oxidation are needed?

What are some conditions that characterize ketosis?

Draw the condensed structural formula for the α-keto acid produced from each of the following in transamination:

a.

Why does the body convert NH₄⁺ to urea?

Draw the condensed structural formula for urea.

What metabolic substrate(s) are produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids? 

c. tyrosine

What metabolic substrate(s) are produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids? 

b. asparagine

Draw the condensed structural formulas for the products of the reaction of aspartate and α-ketoglutarate which is catalyzed by aspartate transaminase (AST).

Arachidic acid is a C₂₀ fatty acid found in peanut and fish oils.

a. How many cycles of β oxidation are needed for the complete oxidation of arachidic acid?

Arachidic acid is a C₂₀ fatty acid found in peanut and fish oils.

c. Calculate the total ATP yield from the complete β oxidation of arachidic acid by completing the following:

Identify the type of food as carbohydrate, fat, or protein that gives each of the following digestion products:

d. glycerol

Identify the type of food as carbohydrate, fat, or protein that gives each of the following digestion products:

e. amino acids

Identify each of the following as a six-carbon or a three-carbon compound and arrange them in the order in which they occur in glycolysis:

a. 3-phosphoglycerate

When is pyruvate converted to lactate in the body?

When pyruvate is used to form acetyl CoA, the product has only two carbon atoms. What happened to the third carbon?

If there are no reactions in the citric acid cycle that use oxygen, O₂, why does the cycle operate only in aerobic conditions?

In the chemiosmotic model, how is energy provided to synthesize ATP?

What metabolic substrate(s) can be produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids?

a. histidine

What metabolic substrate(s) can be produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids?

d. phenylalanine

One cell at work may break down 2 million (2 000 000) ATP molecules in one second. Some researchers estimate that the human body has about 10¹³ cells.

b. If ATP has a molar mass of 507 g/mole, how many grams of ATP are hydrolyzed in one day?

State if each of the following processes release or require ATP: 

f. first six reactions of glycolysis

State if each of the following processes release or require ATP: 

g. activation of a fatty acid

Match the following ATP yields to reactions a to g:

1.5 ATP 2.5 ATP 7 ATP 10 ATP

12 ATP 32 ATP 36 ATP

d. Acetyl CoA goes through one turn of the citric acid cycle.

 Match the following ATP yields to reactions a to g:

1.5 ATP 2.5 ATP 7 ATP 10 ATP

12 ATP 32 ATP 36 ATP

f. NADH + H⁺ is oxidized to NAD⁺.