Draw the major product obtained when each of the following alkyl halides undergoes an E2 reaction:
b.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the alkyl halide structure and determine the type of halide (primary, secondary, or tertiary). This classification will help predict the reactivity and the stability of the intermediate formed during the E2 reaction.
2. Recall the mechanism of an E2 reaction: it is a single-step, concerted elimination process where a strong base abstracts a proton (β-hydrogen) from the β-carbon, and the leaving group (halide) departs simultaneously, forming a double bond.
3. Determine the β-hydrogens available on the β-carbons adjacent to the carbon bearing the halide. If there are multiple β-carbons, consider the regioselectivity of the reaction (Zaitsev's rule), which states that the more substituted alkene is usually the major product.
4. Consider the stereochemistry of the elimination. For an E2 reaction, the β-hydrogen and the leaving group must be antiperiplanar (in opposite planes and aligned 180° apart). If necessary, rotate the molecule to visualize this geometry.
5. Draw the major product by forming a double bond between the α-carbon (the carbon bonded to the halide) and the β-carbon from which the β-hydrogen was removed. Ensure the product follows Zaitsev's rule unless steric hindrance or other factors favor the Hofmann product (less substituted alkene).

Key Concepts

E2 Reaction Mechanism

The E2 (bimolecular elimination) reaction is a type of elimination reaction where a base removes a proton from a β-carbon while a leaving group departs from the α-carbon simultaneously. This concerted mechanism results in the formation of a double bond between the α and β carbons. Understanding the stereochemistry and the requirement for anti-periplanar geometry is crucial for predicting the major product.

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl halides are organic compounds containing a carbon atom bonded to a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I). Their structure influences reactivity in elimination reactions, with primary, secondary, and tertiary classifications affecting the pathway taken. Tertiary alkyl halides are more likely to undergo E2 reactions due to steric hindrance, while primary halides may favor substitution reactions instead.

Base Strength and Sterics

The strength and steric properties of the base used in an E2 reaction significantly influence the reaction's outcome. Strong bases, such as alkoxides or hydrides, are typically required to facilitate the elimination process. Additionally, bulky bases can lead to different regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in the products, making the choice of base critical for predicting the major product formed.