For each of the following reactions, identify the bonds that are broken and formed. Be sure to indicate whether the bond that is broken is a σ bond or a π bond.
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Verified step by step guidance

1. Analyze the given reaction and identify the reactants and products. Look for changes in the connectivity of atoms to determine which bonds are broken and which are formed.
2. For each bond broken, determine whether it is a σ (sigma) bond or a π (pi) bond. Recall that σ bonds are single bonds formed by head-on overlap of orbitals, while π bonds are formed by the side-on overlap of p orbitals in double or triple bonds.
3. For each bond formed, similarly determine whether it is a σ bond or a π bond. New single bonds are σ bonds, while additional bonds in double or triple bonds are π bonds.
4. Write down the specific bonds broken and formed, including the atoms involved. For example, if a C-H bond is broken, note that it is a σ bond, and if a C=C bond is converted to a C-C bond, note that a π bond is broken.
5. Summarize the changes in bonding, clearly indicating the type of bond (σ or π) for each bond broken and formed. This will help in understanding the overall reaction mechanism and energy changes.

Key Concepts

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds can be classified into sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds. Sigma bonds are formed by the head-on overlap of atomic orbitals, allowing for free rotation around the bond axis. In contrast, pi bonds result from the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals and restrict rotation. Understanding these bond types is crucial for analyzing reaction mechanisms and predicting the stability of intermediates.

Bond Breaking and Formation

In a chemical reaction, bonds in the reactants must break to allow for the formation of new bonds in the products. The process of bond breaking requires energy input, while bond formation releases energy. Identifying which bonds are broken and formed helps in understanding the overall energy changes and the reaction's feasibility.

Reaction Mechanisms

A reaction mechanism describes the step-by-step process by which reactants transform into products. It includes details about the breaking and forming of bonds, the intermediates formed, and the transition states. Analyzing the mechanism provides insights into the kinetics and thermodynamics of the reaction, which is essential for predicting the outcome of chemical transformations.