Two major cell groups make up the nervous system—neurons and supporting cells such as astrocytes and Schwann cells. Which are 'nervous' cells?
Why? What are the major functions of the other cell group?

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Identify the two major cell groups in the nervous system mentioned in the problem: neurons and supporting cells (e.g., astrocytes and Schwann cells).
2. Step 2: Explain that neurons are considered the 'nervous' cells because they are the primary functional units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting electrical signals (action potentials) and facilitating communication between different parts of the body and the brain.
3. Step 3: Describe the role of supporting cells, also known as glial cells, which include astrocytes, Schwann cells, and others. These cells do not transmit electrical signals but play crucial roles in maintaining the health and functionality of neurons.
4. Step 4: Highlight the specific functions of astrocytes, such as providing structural support, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, regulating the extracellular environment, and assisting in repair and scarring processes in the central nervous system.
5. Step 5: Discuss the role of Schwann cells, which are responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system, thereby increasing the speed of nerve impulse conduction through saltatory conduction.

Key Concepts

Neurons

Neurons are the primary functional units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body. They consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, allowing them to communicate with other neurons, muscles, and glands. Neurons are classified into sensory, motor, and interneurons, each serving distinct roles in processing and relaying information.

Supporting Cells (Glial Cells)

Supporting cells, or glial cells, include various types such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells. They play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis, providing structural support, and facilitating the repair of nervous tissue. Unlike neurons, glial cells do not conduct electrical impulses but are essential for the overall health and functionality of the nervous system.

Functions of Supporting Cells

The major functions of supporting cells include providing insulation for neurons through myelination, regulating the extracellular environment, and participating in the immune response within the nervous system. For instance, astrocytes help maintain the blood-brain barrier and supply nutrients to neurons, while Schwann cells are involved in the regeneration of peripheral nerves after injury.