Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy

McMurry - Fundamentals of GOB 8th Edition

McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of GOBISBN: 9780134015187Not the one you use?Change textbook

McMurry 8th Edition

Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy

Problem 9

Chapter 21, Problem 9

Which of the following is found in the coenzyme FAD?
a. Two heterocyclic rings
b. ADP
c. A substituted benzene ring
d. A phosphate anhydride bond

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the structure of FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide), which is a coenzyme involved in redox reactions. It consists of two main components: a flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) group.

Analyze the components of FAD. The FMN portion contains a heterocyclic isoalloxazine ring system, while the AMP portion includes an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Recognize that FAD contains two heterocyclic rings: the isoalloxazine ring in FMN and the adenine ring in AMP.

Note that FAD also contains ADP (adenosine diphosphate), which is formed by the combination of AMP and an additional phosphate group.

Review the other options: FAD does not contain a substituted benzene ring or a phosphate anhydride bond. Instead, it contains a phosphate ester bond connecting FMN and AMP.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Coenzymes

Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions. They often serve as carriers for chemical groups or electrons during metabolic processes. FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) is a well-known coenzyme involved in redox reactions, particularly in the electron transport chain and the citric acid cycle.

Structure of FAD

FAD consists of a riboflavin (vitamin B2) moiety and an adenine nucleotide. The riboflavin part contains two heterocyclic rings, which are crucial for its function in electron transfer. Understanding the structural components of FAD is essential for recognizing how it interacts with enzymes and participates in metabolic pathways.

Heterocyclic Rings

Heterocyclic rings are cyclic compounds that contain atoms of at least two different elements as members of the ring. In the context of FAD, the presence of two heterocyclic rings contributes to its ability to accept and donate electrons, making it vital for various biochemical reactions. This structural feature is key to understanding the functionality of coenzymes like FAD.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

A common metabolic strategy is the lack of reactivity—that is, the slowness to react—of compounds whose breakdown is exergonic. For example, hydrolysis of ATP to ADP or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is exergonic but does not take place without an appropriate enzyme present. Why would the cell use this metabolic strategy?

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Textbook Question

One of the steps in lipid metabolism is the reaction of glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol, HOCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH, with ATP to yield glycerol 1-phosphate. Write the equation for this reaction using the curved arrow symbolism.

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Textbook Question

The hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate to give acetate and hydrogen phosphate ion has ∆G = -10.3 kcal/mol (-43.1 kJ/mol). Combine the equations and ∆G values to determine whether coupling of this reaction with phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP is favorable. (You need give only compound names or abbreviations in the equations.)

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Textbook Question

Look ahead to Figure 21.8 for the citric acid cycle.

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a. Draw the structures of the reactants in steps 3, 6, and 8, and indicate which hydrogen atoms are removed in these reactions.

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Textbook Question

Look ahead to Figure 21.8 for the citric acid cycle.

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b. What class of enzymes carry out these reactions?