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문제 41
Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) IF, (b) CS2, (c) SO3, (d) PCl3, (e) SF6, (f) IF5.
문제 42
Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) CCl4, (b) NH3, (c) SF4, (d) XeF4, (e) CH3Br, (f) GaH3.
문제 43b
Dichloroethylene (C2H2Cl2) has three forms (isomers), each of which is a different substance. (b) Which of these isomers has a zero dipole moment?
문제 43c
Dichloroethylene (C2H2Cl2) has three forms (isomers), each of which is a different substance. (c) How many isomeric forms can chloroethylene, C2H3Cl, have? Would they be expected to have dipole moments?
문제 44
Dihydroxybenzene, C6H6O2, exists in three forms (isomers) called ortho, meta, and para:
Which of these has a nonzero dipole moment?
- For each statement, indicate whether it is true or false. (a) In order to make a covalent bond, the orbitals on each atom in the bond must overlap. (b) A p orbital on one atom cannot make a bond to an s orbital on another atom.
문제 45
문제 46a
Draw sketches illustrating the overlap between the following orbitals on two atoms: (a) the 2s orbital on each atom
문제 46b,c
Draw sketches illustrating the overlap between the following orbitals on two atoms: (b) the 2pz orbital on each atom (assume both atoms are on the z-axis) (c) the 2s orbital on one atom and the 2pz orbital on the other atom.
문제 47d
For each statement, indicate whether it is true or false. (d) Nonbonding electron pairs cannot occupy a hybrid orbital.
- How would you expect the extent of overlap of the bonding atomic orbitals to vary in the series IF, ICl, IBr, and I2? Explain your answer.
문제 48
문제 49a,b
Consider the molecule BF3. (a) What is the electron configuration of an isolated B atom? (b) What is the electron configuration of an isolated F atom?
문제 49c
Consider the molecule BF3. (c) What hybrid orbitals should be constructed on the B atom to make the B–F bonds in BF3?
문제 50c
Consider the SCl2 molecule. (c) What hybrid orbitals should be constructed on the S atom to make the S-Cl bonds in SCl2?
문제 50d
Consider the SCl2 molecule.(d) What valence orbitals, if any, remain unhybridized on the S atom in SCl2?
문제 51a,b
Indicate the hybridization of the central atom in (a) H2S (b) SeF6
문제 51c,d
Indicate the hybridization of the central atom in (c) P1OH23 (d) AlI3.
문제 52a,b
What is the hybridization of the central atom in (a) PBr5? (b) CH2O?
문제 52c
What is the hybridization of the central atom in (c) O3?
문제 52d
What is the hybridization of the central atom in (d) NO2?
문제 53
Shown here are three pairs of hybrid orbitals, with each set at a characteristic angle. For each pair, determine the type of hybridization, if any, that could lead to hybrid orbitals at the specified angle. (a)
(b)
(c)
- (c) Write the formulas for the analogous species of the elements of period 3;
문제 54
문제 54a
(a) Which geometry and central atom hybridization would you expect in the series BH4-, CH4, NH4+?
문제 54b
(b) What would you expect for the magnitude and direction of the bond dipoles in this series?
문제 55a,b
(a) Draw a picture showing how two p orbitals on two different atoms can be combined to make a σ bond. (b) Sketch a π bond that is constructed from p orbitals.
문제 55c
(c) Which is generally stronger, a s bond or a p bond? Explain.
문제 55d
(d) Can two s orbitals combine to form a p bond? Explain.
- (a) If the valence atomic orbitals of an atom are sp hybridized, how many unhybridized p orbitals remain in the valence shell? How many p bonds can the atom form?
문제 56
문제 56b
(b) Imagine that you could hold two atoms that are bonded together, twist them, and not change the bond length. Would it be easier to twist (rotate) around a single s bond or around a double 1s plus p2 bond, or would they be the same?
문제 57a
(a) Draw Lewis structures for chloromethane (CH3Cl), chloroethene (C2H3Cl), and chloroethyne (C2HCl).
문제 57b
(b) What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in each molecule?