Draw the major product obtained when an alkyl halide in [PROBLEM 9-83] undergoes an E1 reaction.
d.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Identify the alkyl halide structure provided in the image. The molecule consists of a cyclopentane ring with a tertiary carbon attached to a chlorine atom and an ethyl group (CH2CH3). This is a tertiary alkyl halide, which is prone to undergoing an E1 elimination reaction.
2. Step 2: Understand the mechanism of an E1 reaction. E1 elimination involves two steps: (1) the formation of a carbocation intermediate after the leaving group (Cl) departs, and (2) the elimination of a proton from a β-carbon to form a double bond.
3. Step 3: Predict the carbocation intermediate. When the chlorine atom leaves, a tertiary carbocation forms at the carbon attached to the cyclopentane ring and the ethyl group. Tertiary carbocations are highly stable due to hyperconjugation and inductive effects.
4. Step 4: Determine the β-hydrogens available for elimination. The β-carbons are the carbons adjacent to the carbocation. In this case, there are β-hydrogens on the cyclopentane ring and the ethyl group. The elimination of a β-hydrogen leads to the formation of a double bond.
5. Step 5: Draw the major product. The major product is determined by Zaitsev's rule, which states that the more substituted alkene is favored. Elimination of a β-hydrogen from the cyclopentane ring will result in a double bond between the cyclopentane ring and the tertiary carbon, forming the more substituted alkene.

Key Concepts

E1 Reaction Mechanism

The E1 reaction mechanism involves two main steps: the formation of a carbocation intermediate after the departure of a leaving group, followed by the elimination of a proton to form a double bond. This mechanism is favored in tertiary and some secondary alkyl halides due to the stability of the carbocation formed. The rate of the reaction depends only on the concentration of the alkyl halide.

Carbocation Stability

Carbocation stability is crucial in E1 reactions, as more stable carbocations lead to faster reactions. Stability increases with the degree of substitution: tertiary carbocations are more stable than secondary, which are more stable than primary. Factors such as hyperconjugation and inductive effects from adjacent alkyl groups contribute to this stability, influencing the product distribution in elimination reactions.

Zaitsev's Rule

Zaitsev's Rule states that in elimination reactions, the more substituted alkene is typically the major product. This occurs because the formation of more stable alkenes is favored, as they have lower energy due to greater hyperconjugation and alkyl substitution. Understanding this rule helps predict the outcome of E1 reactions, particularly when multiple elimination products are possible.