28. Carbohydrates

Name the following:

a.

Name the following:

b.

An important protecting group developed specifically for polyhydroxy compounds like nucleosides is the tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl group, abbreviated TIPDS, that can protect two alcohol groups in a molecule.

(a) The TIPDS group is somewhat hindered around the Si atoms by the isopropyl groups. Which OH is more likely to react first with TIPDS chloride? Show the product with the TIPDS group on one oxygen.

(b) Once the TIPDS group is attached at the first oxygen, it reaches around to the next closest oxygen. Show the final product with two oxygens protected.

(c) The unprotected hydroxy group can now undergo reactions without affecting the protected oxygens. Show the product after the protected nucleoside from (b) is treated with tosyl chloride and pyridine, followed by NaBr, ending with deprotection with Bu₄NF.

Some protecting groups can block two OH groups of a carbohydrate at the same time. One such group is shown here, protecting the 4-OH and 6-OH groups of β-d-glucose.

(a) What type of functional group is involved in this blocking group?

(b) What did glucose react with to form this protected compound?

(c) When this blocking group is added to glucose, a new chiral center is formed. Where is it? Draw the stereoisomer that has the other configuration at this chiral center. What is the relationship between these two stereoisomers of the protected compound?

(d) Which of the two stereoisomers in part (c) do you expect to be the major product? Why?

Show the products that result from hydrolysis of amygdalin in dilute acid. Can you suggest why amygdalin might be toxic to tumor (and possibly other) cells?

The mechanism of glycoside formation is the same as the second part of the mechanism for acetal formation. Propose a mechanism for the formation of methyl β-D-glucopyranoside.

Treatment of either anomer of fructose with excess ethanol in the presence of a trace of HCl gives a mixture of the α and β anomers of ethyl-D-fructofuranoside. Draw the starting materials, reagents, and products for this reaction. Circle the aglycone in each product.

Predict the products obtained when d-galactose reacts with each reagent.

(c) CH₃OH, H⁺

What product or products are obtained when D-galactose reacts with each of the following?

f. ethanol + HCl

Draw the products formed when β-D-galactose reacts with ethanol and HCl. (Show all structures as chair conformers.)

Draw the structure that corresponds to the given name.

(b) Benzyl α-d-gulopyranoside

Draw the following sugar derivatives.

(a) methyl β-D-glucopyranoside

(b) 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannopyranose

(c) 1,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-fructofuranose

(d) methyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-β-D-galactopyranoside