13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds

Classify the following nucleophiles as strong, weak, or intermediate. Would you expect each to add to a carbonyl directly or wait for a carbocation to form?

(a)

Classify the following nucleophiles as strong, weak, or intermediate. Would you expect each to add to a carbonyl directly or wait for a carbocation to form?

(d)

Based on the analysis you used in Assessment 17.3, which carbonyl would you expect to react most quickly with a nucleophile?

(a)

Why is a ketone more reactive/electrophilic than an ester?

Which two carbonyl compounds are required for the synthesis of morachalcone A via nucleophilic addition?

Why are $\mathrm{aldehydes}$ generally more reactive than $\mathrm{ketones}$ toward nucleophilic addition reactions?

Which of the following best describes the movement of electrons (curved arrows) during the nucleophilic addition that converts an ${\mathrm{enolate}}_{\mathrm{ion}}$ to its $\mathrm{keto}$ form?

When a simple unsymmetrical ketone such as $C_3{H}_{6}O$ (propanone) is treated with base, which of the following best describes the enolates that can be formed?