Write equations that show the process for a. the first two ionization energies of lead and b. the fourth ionization energy of zirconium.

Identify each statement as true or false.

a. Ionization energies are always negative quantities.

b. Oxygen has a larger first ionization energy than fluorine.

c. The second ionization energy of an atom is always greater than its first ionization energy.

d. The third ionization energy is the energy needed to ionize three electrons from a neutral atom.

Which element in the periodic table has the largest first ionization energy?

The graph below shows the ionization energies for a particular element. In which group is the element most likely a member of? [Section 7.3]

One way to measure ionization energies is ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), a technique based on the photoelectric effect. (Section 6.2) In PES, monochromatic light is directed onto a sample, causing electrons to be emitted. The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is measured. The difference between the energy of the photons and the kinetic energy of the electrons corresponds to the energy needed to remove the electrons (that is, the ionization energy). Suppose that a PES experiment is performed in which mercury vapor is irradiated with ultraviolet light of wavelength 58.4 nm. (b) Write an equation that shows the process corresponding to the first ionization energy of Hg.