Define each of the following terms:
Antiparallel

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The term 'antiparallel' is used to describe the orientation of the two strands of a DNA molecule in relation to each other.

In a DNA double helix, the two strands run in opposite directions. This means that one strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction, while the complementary strand runs in the 3' to 5' direction.

The 5' and 3' designations refer to the carbon atoms in the sugar molecule of the nucleotide. The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the fifth carbon, and the 3' end has a hydroxyl group attached to the third carbon.

This antiparallel arrangement is crucial for the proper base pairing of nucleotides (adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine) and for the function of enzymes like DNA polymerase during replication.

Understanding the antiparallel nature of DNA is essential for studying processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and repair.

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Key Concepts

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Antiparallel Structure

Antiparallel refers to the orientation of two strands of DNA or RNA that run in opposite directions. In a DNA double helix, one strand runs from the 5' to 3' direction, while the complementary strand runs from 3' to 5'. This arrangement is crucial for the replication and transcription processes, as it allows for the proper pairing of nucleotides and the functioning of enzymes.

DNA Replication

DNA replication is the biological process by which a cell duplicates its DNA, ensuring that each new cell receives an exact copy of the genetic material. The antiparallel nature of the DNA strands is essential during replication, as DNA polymerases can only synthesize new strands in the 5' to 3' direction, leading to the formation of leading and lagging strands.

Complementary Base Pairing

Complementary base pairing is the specific hydrogen bonding between nucleotide bases in DNA and RNA, where adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil in RNA) and cytosine pairs with guanine. This pairing is facilitated by the antiparallel orientation of the strands, ensuring that the genetic information is accurately maintained and transmitted during processes like replication and transcription.