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Ch. 20 - Population Genetics and Evolution at the Population, Species, and Molecular Levels
Sanders - Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach 3rd Edition
Sanders3rd EditionGenetic Analysis: An Integrated ApproachISBN: 9780135564172Not the one you use?Change textbook
All textbooksSanders 3rd EditionCh. 20 - Population Genetics and Evolution at the Population, Species, and Molecular LevelsProblem 42c
Chapter 20, Problem 42c

Put all the candies used in Problems 41 back into a single mound and then divide them into two piles, being sure that the frequencies of each color are the same in each pile. Make a note of the starting frequency of each color. Label one pile 'male' and the other pile 'female.'
Repeat this process of blindly drawing one male and one female candy 12 to 15 times for each person in the group.

Verified step by step guidance
1
Combine all the candies from Problem 41 into a single mound. This ensures that all the candies are mixed together, and their frequencies are representative of the original distribution.
Divide the mound into two equal piles, ensuring that the frequency of each color in both piles is the same. For example, if there are 10 red candies, 5 should go into each pile. Label one pile as 'male' and the other as 'female.'
Record the starting frequency of each color in the mound before dividing it. This will help track the distribution and ensure accuracy in the division process.
For each trial (12 to 15 times per person), blindly draw one candy from the 'male' pile and one candy from the 'female' pile. This simulates random pairing between the two groups.
Repeat the process for each person in the group, ensuring that the draws are random and independent. Record the results of each pairing for further analysis.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals within a population. This variation is crucial for evolution and natural selection, as it provides the raw material for adaptation. In the context of the candy problem, the different colors represent alleles, and maintaining their frequencies in both piles simulates genetic diversity.
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Punnett Square

A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the genotypes of offspring from parental alleles. It helps visualize the probability of inheriting specific traits based on the genetic makeup of the parents. In this exercise, drawing male and female candies can be thought of as a simplified version of a Punnett square, where the combinations of colors represent potential offspring genotypes.
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Sampling Error

Sampling error occurs when a sample does not accurately represent the population from which it is drawn. In genetic studies, this can lead to skewed results if the sample size is too small or not randomly selected. In the candy experiment, repeatedly drawing from the male and female piles introduces variability, highlighting the importance of sample size in obtaining reliable genetic data.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question

Put all the candies used in Problem 40 into a single mound and then divide them into four equal piles, this time being sure that the frequency of each color is the same in each pile. Label two of these piles 'male' and the other two 'female.' Half of the group will take one male and one female pile, and the other half of the group will take the other two piles. Each half of the group will carry out its own experiments: Explain any observed differences in frequencies in terms of the evolutionary mechanism the results best emulate.

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Textbook Question

Put all the candies used in Problems 41 back into a single mound and then divide them into two piles, being sure that the frequencies of each color are the same in each pile. Make a note of the starting frequency of each color. Label one pile 'male' and the other pile 'female.'

Have one person blindly draw one candy from the male pile and one candy from the female pile. Record the colors as though they were genotypes.

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Textbook Question

Put all the candies used in Problems 41 back into a single mound and then divide them into two piles, being sure that the frequencies of each color are the same in each pile. Make a note of the starting frequency of each color. Label one pile 'male' and the other pile 'female.'

If both colors drawn are yellow, eat the candies! If the two colors are any other combination, including yellow with any other color, put the candies back into their respective piles.

399
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Textbook Question

Put all the candies used in Problems 41 back into a single mound and then divide them into two piles, being sure that the frequencies of each color are the same in each pile. Make a note of the starting frequency of each color. Label one pile 'male' and the other pile 'female.'

When all selection rounds have been completed, combine the two piles and determine the frequency of each color.

421
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Textbook Question

Put all the candies used in Problems 41 back into a single mound and then divide them into two piles, being sure that the frequencies of each color are the same in each pile. Make a note of the starting frequency of each color. Label one pile 'male' and the other pile 'female.'

Compare the starting frequency of each color with the frequency after drawing. Describe the observed differences and identify the evolutionary mechanism this exercise best emulates.

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Textbook Question

There are usually five or more colors of candy in each bag. Sort the candies by color, and if your bag has more than four colors, eat the least frequent color or colors. Once that is done, calculate the frequencies of the four remaining colors. Assume these frequencies represent four alleles of a gene, and use the description of the H-W equilibrium for more than two alleles for assistance.

Using a different one of the following variables for each color frequency, write out the expected results of a quadrinomial expansion of the expression (p+q+r+t)².

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