Which of these processes is spontaneous? a. the combustion of natural gas b. the extraction of iron metal from iron ore c. a hot drink cooling to room temperature d. drawing heat energy from the ocean's surface to power a ship

Which of these processes are nonspontaneous? Are the nonspontaneous processes impossible? a. a bike going up a hill b. a meteor falling to Earth c. obtaining hydrogen gas from liquid water d. a ball rolling down a hill

Two systems, each composed of two particles represented by circles, have 20 J of total energy. Which system, A or B, has the greater entropy? Why?

Two systems, each composed of three particles represented by circles, have 30 J of total energy. How many energetically equivalent ways can you distribute the particles in each system? Which system has greater entropy?

Calculate the change in entropy that occurs in the system when 1.00 mole of isopropyl alcohol (C₃H₈O) melts at its melting point (-89.5 °C). See Table 11.9 for heats of fusion.

Calculate the change in entropy that occurs in the system when 1.00 mole of diethyl ether (C₄H₁₀O) condenses from a gas to a liquid at its normal boiling point (34.6 °C). See Table 11.7 for heats of vaporization.

What is the change in entropy that occurs in the system when 45.0 g of acetone (C₃H₆O) freezes at its melting point (-94.8 °C)? Use Table 11.9 for the heats of fusion.

Calculate the change in entropy that occurs in the system when 55.0 g of water vaporizes from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point (100.0 °C). See Table 11.7 for heats of vaporization.

Without doing any calculations, determine the sign of ΔS_sys for each chemical reaction. a. 2 KClO₃(s) → 2 KCl(s) + 3 O₂(g) c. Na(s) + 2 Cl₂(g) → NaCl(s) d. N₂(g) + 3 H₂(g) → 2 NH₃(g)

Without doing any calculations, determine the sign of ΔS_sys for each chemical reaction. b. CH₂=CH₂( g) + H₂( g) → CH₃CH₃( g)

Without doing any calculations, determine the sign of ΔSsys for each chemical reaction. a. Mg(s) + Cl₂(g) → MgCl₂(s) b. 2 H₂S(g) + 3 O₂(g) → 2 H₂O(g) + 2 SO₂(g) c. 2 O₃(g) → 3 O₂(g) d. HCl(g) + NH₃(g) → NH₄Cl(s)

Without doing any calculations, determine the signs of ΔS_sys and ΔS surr for each chemical reaction. In addition, predict under what temperatures (all temperatures, low temperatures, or high temperatures), if any, the reaction is spontaneous. a. C₃H₈(g) + 5 O₂(g) → 3 CO₂(g) + 4 H₂O(g) ΔH°_rxn = -2044 kJ

Without doing any calculations, determine the signs of ΔS_sys and ΔS_surr for each chemical reaction. In addition, predict under what temperatures (all temperatures, low temperatures, or high temperatures), if any, the reaction is spontaneous. c. 2 N₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2 N₂O(g) ΔH°_rxn = +163.2 kJ

Calculate ΔS_surr at the indicated temperature for each reaction. d. ΔH°_rxn = +114 kJ; 77 K

Given the values of ΔH°_rxn, ΔS°_rxn, and T, determine ΔS_univ and predict whether or not each reaction is spontaneous. (Assume that all reactants and products are in their standard states.) a. ΔH°_rxn = +115 kJ; ΔS°_rxn = -263 J/K; T = 298 K

Given the values of ΔH°_rxn, ΔS°_rxn, and T, determine ΔS_univ and predict whether or not each reaction is spontaneous. (Assume that all reactants and products are in their standard states.) c. ΔH°_rxn = -115 kJ; ΔS°_rxn = -263 J/K; T = 298 K

Given the values of ΔH°_rxn, ΔS°_rxn, and T, determine ΔS_univ and predict whether or not each reaction is spontaneous. (Assume that all reactants and products are in their standard states.) a. ΔH°_rxn = -95 kJ; ΔS°_rxn = -157 J/K; T = 298 K

Given the values of ΔH°_rxn, ΔS°_rxn, and T, determine ΔS_univ and predict whether or not each reaction is spontaneous. (Assume that all reactants and products are in their standard states.) c. ΔH°_rxn = +95 kJ; ΔS°_rxn = -157 J/K; T = 298 K

Calculate the change in Gibbs free energy for each set of ΔH_rxn, ΔS_rxn, and T given in Problem 41. Predict whether or not each reaction is spontaneous at the temperature indicated. (Assume that all reactants and products are in their standard states.)

Calculate the change in Gibbs free energy for each of the sets of ΔH_rxn, ΔS_rxn, and T given in Problem 42. Predict whether or not each reaction is spontaneous at the temperature indicated. (Assume that all reactants and products are in their standard states.)

Calculate the free energy change for this reaction at 25 °C. Is the reaction spontaneous? (Assume that all reactants and products are in their standard states.) C₃H₈(g) + 5 O₂(g) → 3 CO₂(g) + 4 H₂O(g) ΔH°_rxn = -2217 kJ; ΔS°_rxn = 101.1 J/K

Calculate the free energy change for this reaction at 25 °C. Is the reaction spontaneous? (Assume that all reactants and products are in their standard states.) 2 Ca(s) + O₂( g) → 2 CaO(s) ΔH°_rxn = -1269.8 kJ; ΔS°_rxn = -364.6 J/K

Fill in the blanks in the table. Both ΔH and ΔS refer to the system.

Predict the conditions (high temperature, low temperature, all temperatures, or no temperatures) under which each reaction is spontaneous. a. H₂O(g) → H₂O(l) b. CO₂(s) → CO₂(g) c. H₂(g) → 2 H(g) d. 2 NO₂(g) → 2 NO(g) + O₂(g) (endothermic)