Provide an arrow-pushing mechanism for the following hypothetical base half-reactions.

(b)

Provide an arrow-pushing mechanism for the following hypothetical base half-reactions.

(c)

Provide an arrow-pushing mechanism for the following acid–base reactions.

(c)

Provide an arrow-pushing mechanism for the following acid–base reactions.

(d)

Acid–base reactions are reversible. Show a mechanism for the reverse of the reactions in Assessment 4.18.

In the following reactions,

(i) identify the acid and base,

(ii) identify the most electron-rich atom in the base,

(iii) identify the most acidic hydrogen in the acid,

(a)

In the following reactions,

(iv) provide an arrow-pushing mechanism of the proton transfer that will occur, and

(v) predict the product of the reactions. [You'll need to provide the lone pairs here.]

(a)

In the following reactions,

(i) identify the acid and base,

(ii) identify the most electron-rich atom in the base,

(iii) identify the most acidic hydrogen in the acid,

(b)

In the following reactions,

(iv) provide an arrow-pushing mechanism of the proton transfer that will occur, and

(v) predict the product of the reactions. [You'll need to provide the lone pairs here.]

(b)

In the following reactions,

(iv) provide an arrow-pushing mechanism of the proton transfer that will occur, and

(v) predict the product of the reactions. [You'll need to provide the lone pairs here.]

(c)

In the following reactions,

(i) identify the acid and base,

(ii) identify the most electron-rich atom in the base,

(iii) identify the most acidic hydrogen in the acid,

(c)

In the following reactions,

(i) identify the acid and base,

(ii) identify the most electron-rich atom in the base,

(iii) identify the most acidic hydrogen in the acid,

(iv) provide an arrow-pushing mechanism of the proton transfer that will occur, and

(v) predict the product of the reactions. [You'll need to provide the lone pairs here.]

(d) H₂O + HCl ⇌

Write the K_eq expression for the following acid–base reactions. [You don't need to calculate K_eq here.]

(c)

Given the value of K_eq for the following acid–base reactions, identify the weakest acid and the weakest base.

(a)

Given the value of K_eq for the following acid–base reactions, identify the weakest acid and the weakest base.

(b)

Given the value of K_eq for the following acid–base reactions, identify the weakest acid and the weakest base.

(c)

Given the K_eq values for the following acid–base reactions, identify the strongest acid and the strongest base.

(a)

Given the K_eq values for the following acid–base reactions, identify the strongest acid and the strongest base.

(b)

Given the K_eq values for the following acid–base reactions, identify the strongest acid and the strongest base.

(c)

An unknown base (B⁻) has been identified as very weak. What does this tell you about the strength of its conjugate acid, HB? Is it stable or unstable? Is it reactive or unreactive?

An unknown acid (HA) has been identified as very strong. What does this tell you about the stability of the conjugate base, A⁻? Is it strong or weak? Is it reactive or unreactive?

Design an acid–base extraction scheme to separate a mixture of the basic amine N,N-dimethylaniline and naphthalene.

Given the following K_eq values, how much stronger of an acid is methanol (CH₃OH) than acetylene (HC≡CH)?

Given the following K_eq values, how much stronger of a base is acetate (CH₃CO₂^-) than chloride (Cl⁻)?

Given that the indicated pK_a values correspond to the acid dissociation reactions shown, calculate the ratio of acid to conjugate base for the reactions shown.

(a)

Given that the indicated pK_a values correspond to the acid dissociation reactions shown, calculate the ratio of acid to conjugate base for the reactions shown.

(b)

Hydrogen gas (H₂) has a relatively high pK_a value. Is it a stable or unstable acid? Do you expect it to participate in acid–base reactions?

How do you know that a proton with a low pK_a value is acidic (besides 'I just remember')?

If a base has a conjugate acid with a high pK_a value, is it stable or unstable? How do you know this is true (besides 'I just remember')?

Using qualitative reasoning for the acid–base reactions shown,

(i) which is stronger, the acid or the conjugate acid?

(ii) Which side of the reaction is favored?

(iii) Would you expect a K_eq greater than, equal to, or less than 1?

(a)