Give the relationship between the following pairs of structures. The possible relationships are:
same compound
constitutional isomers (structural isomers)
cis-trans isomers
not isomers (different molecular formula)


(g) CH₃–CH₂–CH₂–CH₃ and CH₃–CH=CH–CH₃
(h) CH₂=CH–CH₂CH₂CH₃ and CH₃–CH=CH–CH₂CH₃
(i) CH₂=CHCH₂CH₂CH₃ and CH₃CH₂CH₂CH=CH₂

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Analyze the structures in part (g). The first structure, CH3CH2CH2CH3, is a straight-chain alkane (butane). The second structure, CH3CH=CHCH3, contains a double bond, making it an alkene (2-butene). These two structures differ in their functional groups, so they are not isomers but belong to different classes of compounds.
2. Step 2: Examine the structures in part (h). The first structure, CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3, is an alkene with the double bond at the first carbon (1-pentene). The second structure, CH3CH=CHCH2CH3, is also an alkene but with the double bond at the second carbon (2-pentene). These two structures are positional isomers because the location of the double bond differs.
3. Step 3: Investigate the structures in part (i). The first structure, CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3, is 1-pentene, an alkene with the double bond at the first carbon. The second structure, CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2, is also an alkene but with the double bond at the last carbon (1-pentene written in reverse order). These two structures are identical, as they represent the same molecule.
4. Step 4: Clarify the concept of isomerism. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Positional isomers differ in the location of a functional group, such as a double bond, while functional group differences indicate compounds belong to different classes.
5. Step 5: Summarize the relationships: (g) Different classes of compounds (alkane vs. alkene), (h) Positional isomers, (i) Identical structures.

Key Concepts

Isomerism

Isomerism refers to the phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations. This can lead to different physical and chemical properties. The main types of isomers include constitutional isomers, which differ in the connectivity of atoms, and stereoisomers, which have the same connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms.

Constitutional Isomers

Constitutional isomers, also known as structural isomers, are compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the way their atoms are connected. This can result in different functional groups or branching in the carbon chain. Understanding constitutional isomers is crucial for analyzing the relationships between different organic structures, as they can exhibit distinct chemical behaviors.

Cis-Trans Isomerism

Cis-trans isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism that occurs in compounds with restricted rotation around a double bond or a ring structure. In cis isomers, substituents are on the same side of the double bond or ring, while in trans isomers, they are on opposite sides. This spatial arrangement can significantly affect the physical properties and reactivity of the compounds, making it an important concept in organic chemistry.