3. Acids and Bases

Using the convention that the acid and base are on the left side of the chemical equation, label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base in the following reactions.

(a)

What products are formed when each of the following reacts with HO⁻?

e. ⁺CH₃

f. FeBr₃

The following compounds can all react as bases.

a. For each compound, show its conjugate acid. Show any resonance forms if applicable.

Predict the product of the following Lewis acid–Lewis base reactions.

(c)

The boiling points of hex-1-ene (64 °C) and hex-1-yne (71 °C) are sufficiently close that it is difficult to achieve a clean separation by distillation. Show how you might use the acidity of hex-1-yne to remove the last trace of it from a sample of hex-1-ene.

For each of the following molecules, predict the product that would form upon reaction of a single equivalent of a strong base.

(d)

Calculate the pH of the following solutions.

a. 5.00 g of HBr in 100 mL of aqueous solution

b. 1.50 g of NaOH in 50 mL of aqueous solution

Suppose you have just synthesized heptanoic acid from heptan-1-ol. The product is contaminated by sodium dichromate, sulfuric acid, heptan-1-ol, and possibly heptanal. Explain how you would use acid–base extractions to purify the heptanoic acid. Use a chart, like that in Figure 20-3, to show where the impurities are at each stage.

Specify which in each pair is the harder Lewis acid. Justify your choice beyond just looking at Table 20.2.

(a) Al³⁺ vs. B³⁺

In the context of acids and bases, which type of cell wall is thinner and does not retain the crystal violet stain in the Gram stain?

Which of the following is a characteristic of a strong acid in an aqueous solution?

Which of the following is not a factor affecting the acidity of a compound?

Which of the following statements correctly describes the concept of a Lewis acid?

In the context of acids and bases, which type of reasoning involves making a statement or prediction based on a general concept?