13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds

Which two carbonyl compounds are required for the synthesis of morachalcone A via nucleophilic addition?

Which of the following best describes the movement of electrons (curved arrows) during the nucleophilic addition that converts an ${\mathrm{enolate}}_{\mathrm{ion}}$ to its $\mathrm{keto}$ form?

Which product is most likely formed when a ketone reacts with a nucleophilic hydride ion source such as ${\mathrm{Na}}_{\mathrm{BH}}{4}_4$ or ${\mathrm{Li}}_{\mathrm{AlH}}{4}_4$?

Which product is typically formed when a $\mathrm{ketone}$ reacts with a $\mathrm{primary}\mathrm{amine}$ in a nucleophilic addition reaction followed by elimination?

Which of the following best describes the major organic product formed when a $\mathrm{Grignard}$ reagent reacts with an $\mathrm{aldehyde}$ followed by aqueous workup?

When a simple unsymmetrical ketone such as $C_3{H}_{6}O$ (propanone) is treated with base, which of the following best describes the enolates that can be formed?

Which of the following best describes the nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion to a carbonyl group in an aldol reaction?

Why are $\mathrm{aldehydes}$ generally more reactive than $\mathrm{ketones}$ toward nucleophilic addition reactions?

Which of the following compounds could be used as a nucleophile in an aldol reaction?

Classify the following nucleophiles as strong, weak, or intermediate. Would you expect each to add to a carbonyl directly or wait for a carbocation to form?

(a)

Classify the following nucleophiles as strong, weak, or intermediate. Would you expect each to add to a carbonyl directly or wait for a carbocation to form?

(d)

Based on the analysis you used in Assessment 17.3, which carbonyl would you expect to react most quickly with a nucleophile?

(a)

Why is a ketone more reactive/electrophilic than an ester?

Nucleophilic addition to the α,β-unsaturated ketone shown can occur at either C₂ or C₄. Why?

a. Could a nucleophile ever add to C₃?

b. Why or why not?